ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING OF THE FISHERY RESOURCES AND THE ECOSYSTEMS IN THE STRAITS OF SICILY

HOME  

English

Italiano

العربية

  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  Citation:
 

Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

  SPECIES DESCRIPTION
  ECOLOGY
    Geographical distribution
    Habitats
    Migrations
    Feeding behavior
  BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
    Maximum size
    Spawning
    Recruitment and nursery areas
    Length at first maturity
    Eggs, larvae and post-larvae
    Sex ratio
    Length-weight relationships
    Natural mortality
    Von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF)
    Stock units
  EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION
    Biomass indices from trawl surveys
    Stock assessment
    Fisheries
    Discards
    Gear
    Legislation and management


Figure 42. Nephrops norvegicus (from Fischer et al., 1987)

   
Class:  Malacostraca
Order:  Decapoda
Family:  Nephropidae
English name:  Norway lobster
   

SPECIES DESCRIPTION

Norway lobster (Figure 42), Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758), also called Dublin Bay prawn, langoustine or Scampo, is a slim orange-pink lobster up to 24 cm (TL) long. The body is long, robust and more or less flat laterally. The head and thorax have a non-segmented cover (the carapace) while the long abdomen is clearly segmented with a broad fan-like tail. The first pair of cephalic appendices has composite eyes, each with a mobile peduncule. The first pair of antennae is short and forked, while the second pair much longer and thinner than the first. The first pair of legs is well developed with strong chelae. The second and third are thinner and bear claws (Relini et al., 1999).

ECOLOGY

Geographical distribution
Norway lobster is a commercially important benthic decapod crustacean commonly found in northeastern Atlantic waters from the coast of Iceland to Morocco and in the Mediterranean Sea (d’Udekem d’Acoz, 1999). Its depth range extends from 15 to 800 m, although it is typically found on the northeastern Atlantic shelf at depths between 300 and 600 m (Tuck et al., 1997) and beween 200 and 800 m in the Mediterranean (Maynou and Sarda`, 1997) (Figure 43).


Figure 43. Distribution of Nephrops norvegicus in the Mediterranean Sea and north-east Atlantic Ocean (from Fishbase.com).

Habitats
Nephrops norvegicus is generally found sublittorally in soft sediment, commonly at depths range of 200-800 m, although considerable populations exist at depths <200 m, for example in the Adriatic Sea. There are many records of Nephrops norvegicus populations <20 m in Scottish Sea Lochs. They live in shallow burrows and are common on grounds with fine cohesive mud which is stable enough to support their unlined burrows. In the Mediterranean Sea its bathymetric distribution ranges from the continental shelf to bathyal grounds, reaching depths of 871 m in the western Mediterranean (Abelló et al., 1988); however maximal densities are found between 245 and 485 m (Cartes et al., 1994).

Migrations
Norway lobsters are considered good walkers; however they do not seem to be good swimmers. Although, Hammond and Naylor (1977) have presented qualitative evidence that the nocturnal activity peak appears to be synchronized by falling light intensity at dusk, no clear migration patterns have been described for N. norvegicus.

Feeding behavior
N. norvegicus is known as an euryphagous and non-selective species, consuming a great variety of crustaceans, fish and molluscs, either as an active predator or scavenger (Loo et al., 1993). Cristo and Cartes (1998) in N. norvegicus stomach contents found about 119 prey-categories: small pieces of crustacean carapace, bivalve and gastropod shells, fish vertebrae and otoliths and other hard and soft parts of prey.

BIOLOGICAL DATA

Maximum size
Nephrops norvegicus is a species with separate sexes, with males, on average, larger than females (Table 15). Relini et al. (1999) stated that its maximal total length is 24 cm, and 75 mm carapace length. However larger specimens have been caught, primarily in the northern Adriatic. Crnković (1965), for example, found specimens up to 26.5 cm TL in northern Adriatic channels. Mytilineou et al. (1998) in a comparative study among different areas in the Mediterranean Sea and the adjacent Atlantic listed maximum carapace length (mm) of Nephrops specimens in several Mediterranean areas for each sex separately. In the Strait of Sicily (GSA 16) data obtained in the MEDITS trawl surveys from 2008 and 2012 show the largest specimens ranging from 59 to 70 mm (CL) for males and from 47 to 49 mm (CL) for females.

Table 15. Maximum carapace length (mm) by sex of Nephrops norvegicus specimens in the Mediterranean region.

Author

Area

Males

Females

Mytilineou et al. (1998)
Mytilineou et al. (1998)
Mytilineou et al. (1998)
Mytilineou et al. (1998)
Mytilineou et al. (1998)
Mytilineou et al. (1998)
Ragonese et al. (2004)

Atlantic
GSA 2 - Alboran Island
GSA 6 – Northern Spain (Catalan Sea)
GSA 9 - Ligurian and North Tyrrhenian Sea
GSA 10 - South Tyrrhenian Sea
GSA 17 – Northern Adriatic Sea
GSA 16 - South of Sicily

63
60
79
63
75
65
70
50
48
66
55
60
54
49

Spawning
The periods of hatching and spawning, and the length of the incubation period, vary with latitude and the breeding cycle changes from annual to biennial moving from south to north (Bell et al., 2006). Incubation of eggs is temperature-dependent, and in colder climates, the duration of the incubation period increases (Bailey 1984). In all areas reproduction showed clear seasonality both in terms of ovarian maturation and the brooding period.
In the Adriatic Sea, N. norvegicus spawns once a year (Froglia and Gramitto, 1981).
The Norway lobster females in the Strait of Sicily undergo ovary ripening mainly in spring and spawn in summer-autumn. Orsi Relini et al. (1998) gave an overal picture of the reproductive pattern of Norway lobster from different Mediterranean areas. The proportion of females bearing a mature ovary peaks in spring or at the beginning of summer.
The highest values were found in June in the Gulf of Euboikos, in June and July in the Adriatic, in July in the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas, in April, June and July in the Catalan Sea, in June and May- August in the Alboran Sea and in May and June in the Algarve Sea.
The presence of berried females shows a seasonal trend characterized by summer and autumn peaks The highest values were registered in July and December in the Gulf of Euboikos, in October and November in the Adriatic, in September-November in the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas, in August and December in the Catalan Sea, in September-October and December in the Alboran Sea and in September and December or January in the Algarve Sea.
Persistent spawning areas have been identified in the southeast sector of the Strait, next the extreme south border of GSA 16 (GSA15+16) and the south border of GSA15 (GSA15+16) (Garofalo et al., 2011) (Figure 44). However, there is also evidence of concentration areas of spawners, although not very persistent ones, in the bathyial basin to the northwest of Malta and to the west of the Adventure Bank, (the latter co- occurrent with a nursery ground) (Garofalo et al., 2011).


Figure 44. Main spawning areas in GSAs 15 and 16, south-central Mediterranean (Colloca et al., 2013).

Recruitment and nursery areas
Recruitment of N. norvegicus occurs more or less continuously in the Strait of Sicily even though a stronger recruitment pulse is detected in autumn. The mean size of the first Gaussian component in length structure (about 22 mm CL) is well below the estimated size at 50% maturity, suggesting a precocious recruitment to the fishery (Figure 45).


Figure 45. Main nursery areas in GSAs 15 and 16, south-central Mediterranean (Colloca et al., 2013).

Recruits of Norway lobster in the Strait of Sicily are mainly distributed on muddy bottoms of the upper slope between 250 and 500 m depth. Persistency analysis of density hotspots shows the presence of two large nurseries located in the northwest sector of the Strait of Sicily, to the west (GSA15 and 16) as well as to the east (GSA15 and 16) of the Adventure Bank at about 300-450 m depth (Garofalo et al. 2011). No stable recruitment area is identified in the easternmost part of the Strait, although high concentrations of immature specimens, located to the North of Gozo and to the south/southwest of Malta, have been described in a previous study (Knittweis and Dimech, 2011).

Length at first maturity
Orsi Relini et al., (1998) estimated that lobster females in the Mediterranean are able to spawn very precociously (18-29 mm CL), at two or three years old. Moreover, Norway lobster females spawning size seems linked to the geographical area with variations along the latitudinal gradient; minimum spawning size is lower in the Atlantic (18-20 mm CL: Symonds, 1972), the Adriatic (18-22 mm: Froglia and Gramitto, 1988) than in the Northern Mediterranean Sea (29 mm: Orsi Relini and Relini, 1989; Campillo et al., 1991). Orsi Relini et al. (1998) reported these differences among seven areas in the Central Mediterranean Sea and in the Atlantic. In Table 16 carapace length of the smallest female in advanced maturation, smallest berried individuals and 50% maturity size in each area are reported.

Table 16. Carapace length of smallest females in advanced maturation, smallest berried individuals, length at 50% maturity and mean number of egg per female in each area. Redraw by Orsi Relini et al. (1998).

AREA Smallest female in advanced maturation Smallest Ovigerous Length at 50% maturity Mean number of eggs for berried female

Atlantic Ocean
GSA 2 - Alboran Island
GSA 6 – Northern Spain, Catalan Sea
GSA 9 - Ligurian and Northern Tyrrhenian Sea
GSA 10 – South Tyrrhenian Sea
GSA 17 – Northern Adriatic Sea
Euboikos Gulf

25 mm
30 mm
24 mm
29 mm
27 mm
25 mm
19 mm
24 mm
30 mm
27 mm
27 mm
27 mm
24 mm
23 mm
30mm
36 mm
30 mm
32 mm
32 mm
30 mm
33 mm
1300
2200
530
2070
1110
1110
1550

At GSA 16 minimum spawning size of Norway lobster females resulted higher than that described for the other basins, ranging from 30 to 32 mm (CL) (Ragonese et al., 2004). The trend in length at 50% maturity of female in GSA 16 derived from MEDITS trawl survey data is reported in Figure 46. A clear decreasing trend is evident for the analysed time series.


Figure 46. Length at first sexual maturity (L50 in cm of Carapace Length) in GSA 16 from 1996 to 2010.

Eggs, larvae and post-larvae
Information on eggs and larvae of N. norvegicus in the Mediterranean Sea are rare or insufficient. However, Relini et al. (1999) reported the presence of Norway lobster larvae in the Adriatic plankton from January to April.

Sex ratio
Usually the N. norvegicus sex ratio fluctuates around 1:1 also comparing different and very distant geographical areas (Sardà et al., 1998). However, several Authors described a significant change through the year. This oscillation depends on the mating period (Froglia and Gramitto, 1981; Ungaro et al., 1999) and bon the minor female activity, when they carry external eggs.
In GSA 16, the sex ratio derived from the MEDITS Trawl Surveys from 1994 to 2012 remained stable and close to 0.5 (Figure 47).


Figure 47. Sex ratio of N. norvegicus in GSA 16, calculated as the ratio of the number of females to the total number of sexed individuals, from MEDITS Trawl Survey data.

Length-weight relationships
Ragonese et al. (2004) calculated the length–weight relationship for N. norvegicus in GSA 16 using the standard allometric model (Table 17).

Table 17. Length–weight relationship (total weight=a ; carapace length=b) parameters calculated on the GSA 16 population (To be verified. Posible errors were found in Ragonese et al., 2004).

Parameter Females Males

a
b

0.00044
3.133
0.000424
3.158

Natural mortality
Natural mortality estimated for the two sexes combined in the GSA 16 is 0.20 (Ragonese et al., 2004).

Von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF)
There are some differences in growth parameters between males and females. Males grow larger than females. Differences in growth were also observed; these differences were related to differences in density among settlements in different parts of the Adriatic (Marano et al., 1998; Froglia and Gramitto, 1988). They are the result of differences in ecological conditions, however, the methods used in calculating the parameters might influence the growth parameter estimates. A synthesis of VBGF parameters available in the Mediterranean is reported in Table 18.
According to Mytilineou et al. (1998), the the growth parameters obtained for different areas of Mediterranean and adjacent Atlantic Ocean areas showed differences which could not be considered very important except in the case of the Nephrops population of the Alboran Sea, which was characterised by a high growth rate. All other areas seemed to be close; among them the populations from Euboikos Gulf and Catalan Sea being the most different.

Stock units
No information on stock units of Norwey lobster in the Mediterranean are available.

EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION

Biomass indices from trawl surveys
Density and biomass indices calculated for the N. norvegicus stock in the GSA 16 (Medits Trawl survey) since 1994 show a clear increasing (Figures 48 and 49). The positive trend, in particular, is evident in the period 2003 – 2012 when the biomass increase from about 1 Kg/Km2 to 10 Kg/Km2 and the abundance increase from about 150 n/Km2 to about 300 n/Km2.

Table 18. Growth parameters of N. norvegicus according to the VBGF. Lengths refer to carapace length; Time unit = year; F = females, M = males; Unsex = unsexed; Bhattac. = Bhattacharia; * = total length.

Author GSA Area Method Sex L
(mm)
K
(yr-1)
t0
(yr)

Φ'

Froglia and Gramitto (1988)

17 -
Pomo
Jabuka Pit
NORMSEP M
F
M
F
226*
230*
200*
140*
0.036
0.044
0.027
0.044
-1.70
1.48
-1.91
-0.03
10.00
10.24
9.47
9.25
IMBC et al. (1994) 17


17



17
Ancona


NW Ancona
Pomo


Jabuka Pit
MULTIFAN

MIX

MIX

MULTIFAN

MIX
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
56.6
-
63.5
55.4
82.5
59.5
43.4
43.2
55.9
36.0
0.426
-
0.327
0.361
0.325
0.450
0.382
0.437
0.229
0.498
-
-
-0.13
-0.18
0.28
0.06
-
-
-0.56
-0.27
7.22
-
7.18
7.01
7.70
7.37
6.58
6.70
6.57
6.47
Marano et al. (1998) 18 SW Adriatic BHATTACH.

SURF AND SHEPER
M+F
M
M+F
M
65.0
67.3
79.6
77.6
0.140
0.140
0.210
0.170
-
-
-
-
6.38
6.45
7.19
6.93
Sardà et al. (1998) 17 off Ancona - M
F
81.5
67.0
0.110
0.140
-0.95
-0.88
6.59
6.44
Maiorano et al. (2010) 19 NW Ionian Sea LFA M
F
79.7
58.0
0.200
0.250
-
-
.
Guijarro et al. (2010) 09 Ligurian and NTyrrhenian Sea LCA M
F
72.1
56.0
0.169
0.214
-
-
.
Ligas et al. (2011) 09 Ligurian and NTyrrhenian Sea LCA M
F
F+M
Unsex
72.1
56.0
74.0
74.0
0.170
0.210
0.170
0.170
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.
Ragonese et al. (2011) 16 Strait of Sicily VBGF M
F
62.0
53.0
0.130
0.140
0.50
0.50
.

 


Figure 48. Time-series of N. norvegicus Biomass indices (kg /km2) (MEDITS Trawl Surveys; 10–800 m depth range) in GSAs 16.


Figure 49. Time-series of N. norvegicus Abundance indices (kg /km2) (MEDITS Trawl Surveys; 10–800 m depth range) in GSA 16.

The Medits trend for adults Norway lobster in GSA 16 shows a clear increasing trend since 2000 ranging from about 20 individuals per square kilometer in 2002 to about 60 specimens per square kilometer in 2012 (Figure 50). On the contrary any specific trend can be observed for juveniles (Figure 51) (STECF EWG 13-09).


Figure 50. Abundance indices of Norway lobster adults (ages 4-8+) in GSA 16.

 


Figure 51. Abundance indices of Norway lobster juveniles (ages 1-2) in GSA 16.
 

Stock assessment
Assessment of historic stock parameters
A stock assessment of Norway lobster was carried out by applying an eXtended Survival Analysis (XSA) to the annual landings data of the GSAs 16 and 15 (Malta) for the period 2002 – 2012. The assessment was calibrated using MEDITS survey data collected in the same period (STECF EWG 13-09). The growth parameters for the two sexes combined were L∞=72.1, K=0.17, t0=0 and the length-weight relationships parameters were a = 0.000373, b = 3.1576. The vector of mortality and maturity at age were reported in Table 19.

Table 19. Natural mortality (M) vector used for the stock assessment of N. norvegicus for GSAs 15 and 16 combined.

Age class M Proportion of mature individuals
1 0.54 0.01
2 0.41 0.16
3 0.35 0.40
3 0.32 0.70
3 0.30 0.86
3 0.29 0.94
3 0.28 1.00
3 0.27 1.00

In the period 2002-2012, the SSB ranged between about 690 and 960 t. In the same period recruitment at age 1 fluctuated widely between 37.7 and 93.3 million (Table 5). XSA estimates of Fbar2-7 showed a declining temporal trend from 0.89 in 2003 to 0.42 in 2012 (Table 20).

Table 20. Spawning stock biomass (SSB), recruitment and Fbar estimates by XSA for Norway lobster in GSA 15 and 16 from 2006 to 2011.

  2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

SSB
      (tons)

795.3 875.75 710.22 694.57 857.84 926.21 964.8 944.5 791.7 788.86 773.77

Recruitment
(millions)

37.781 56.934 86.377 93.391 84.656 65.004 60.5 77.642 84.391 72.266 74.866

Fbar
       (2-7)

0.52 0.89 0.63 0.63 0.69 0.62 0.57 0.77 0.62 0.66 0.42


According to the statistical catch at age (SCA) as implemented in the a4a package gave a SSB ranged between about 860 and 1892 t 146.5.3 million (Table 20). The a4a estimates of Fbar2-7 ranged between 0.15 (2012) and 0.65 (2003) (Table 21).

Table 21. Spawning stock biomass (SSB), recruitment and Fbar estimates by SCA for Norway lobster in GSA 15 and 16 from 2006 to 2011.

  2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

SSB
      (tons)

990.9 1117.5 860 913.2 1026.2 1071.9 1180.1 1309.1 1151 1400.7 1892.4

Recruitment age 1
(millions)

56.178 61.146 79.374 73.29 78.717 76.003 72.141 87.502 146.46 230.332 22.383

Fbar
       (2-7)

0.36 0.65 0.41 0.37 0.43 0.4 0.36 0.52 0.32 0.29 0.15

Long term prediction
Reference F for the Yield per recruit (YPR) analysis was estimated using 1 to 8+ years age classes using the FLR routine based on the exploitation pattern estimated by the statistical catch at age. F01 was estimated to be 0.20 (STECF EWG 13-09).

Scientific advice
The final advice of STECF EWG 13-09 has been based on the results of the statistical catch at age (SCA) carried out using the a4a package. The SCA was considered as more suitable in assessing F in the more recent years than the XSA also considering its flexible parameterization of selectivity-at-age. SCA, compared with XSA, returned a lower (30-60%) estimate of Fbar combined with higher and apparently, more reliable, estimates of SSB.

State of the spawning stock size
In the period 2002-2012 the SSB, as reconstructed by SCA, showed an increases from 990 t to about 1.892 t in 2012. Recruitment at age 1 varied between 60.5 and 85.4 million in the period 2002-2011 showing an abrupt decline to 19.3 million in 2012 (STECF EWG 13-09).

Management recommendations
STECF EWG 13-09 proposes F0.1 ≤ 0.20 as a limit management reference point consistent with high long term yields (FMSY proxy) for the Norway lobster stock in GSas 15 and 16. Based on the Fcur estimated by the statistical catch at age (a4a assessment), the stock was exploited unsustainably in the period 2002-2011. The estimated Fcur was however below FMSY in 2012 indicating that in this year the stock was exploited sustainably. EWG 13-09 recommends the relevant fleets’ effort or catches are not increased to maintain fishing mortality below the proposed FMSY level, in order to avoid future loss in stock productivity and landings. This should be achieved by means of a multi-annual management plan.

Fisheries
Nephrops norvegicus (Norway lobster), is fished almost exclusively by otter trawl, together with other species, notably Parapenaeus longirostris (Deep water pink shrimp), Merluccius merluccius (European hake), Eledone spp. (horned and musky octopuses), Illex coindetii (broad tail short squid), Todaropsis eblanae (lesser flying squid), Lophius spp. (anglerfish), and Raja spp. (rays) (Anon., 2000). Moreover, in the Adriatic Sea, where Norway lobster is distributed mainly in the neritic area, fishing is primarily based on two types of gear: the majority of the catch is by bottom trawl nets and the rest with traps (mainly in channel areas of the northern Adriatic).

Fishing zones and seasons
Norway lobster is one of the main commercial species for trawlers exploiting fishing grounds on the upper slope targeting mainly the deep sea pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) and the giant red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea). Figure 52 shows the main fishing ground of the Strait of Sicily. Table 22 lists the fishing area in which N. norvegicus is mainly caught. In the Western and Central part of the Strait of Sicily (areas A, C, D and E) Norway lobster fisheries operate all around the year. On the contrary in the southern part (areas F and G) of the Strait trawl vessels fish just fishery in winter and spring.


Figure 52. Main fishing areas of the fishery trawlers in the Strait of Sicily (redrawn from Fiorentino et al. 2003).

Table 22. Main fishing-grounds and fishery features of the Sicilian trawlers fishing Norway lobster in the Strait of Sicily (from Fiorentino et al., 2003).

Discards
Discards for this stock are negligible.

Gears
The speckled M. monoceros exploitation in the Gulf of Gabès is carried out by two types of fishing: coastal or artisanal fishery (using trammel nets) and benthic trawling (using the shrimp bottom trawl). Moreover, it should be noted that this species is also landed in significant quantities by fishing units through illegal gear called mini-trawl or ‘kiss’. However, the contributions of these units are not reported in the fishery statistics.
Bottom trawling for shrimp, essentially in the southern region of Tunisia (Gulf of Gabès), is carried out with netting with a small mesh size (from 48 mm in the wings to 40 mm in the cod-end). The average vertical mouth opening is 2 m.
Trammel wire 40 000 (40 000 mesh / kg) is used in southern Tunisia for shrimp fishery and is composed of three layers of netting. The middle layer presents a mesh size of about 22 to 24 mm and a low hanging ratio which is less than 0.5 for some slack that promotes capture.
The two other layers are in turn stretched mesh 5 to 7 times greater than that of the previous one.

Legislation and management
In GSA 16 and in the Strait of Sicily in general there is no formal management for Norway lobster. As in other areas of the Mediterranean, the stock management in GSA 15 and 16 is based on control of fishing capacity (licenses), fishing effort (fishing activity) and technical measures (mesh size and area/season closures). The minimum landing size is 20 mm CL and landing berried females is prohibited (Reg. EC 1967/06). A combination of these measures is at the basis of two long term management plan adopted by Italian Government in 2010 for management of Sicilian trawlers operating in the area (see also the P. longirostris chapter).
In Sicilian waters (GSA 15), in order to limit the over-capacity of fishing fleet, no new fishing licenses have been assigned in Italy since 1989 and a progressive reduction of the trawl fleet capacity is currently underway. Otherwise, Maltese fishing licenses have been fixed at a total of 25 trawlers since 2012.
There is no closed season in place in Malta, but the Maltese Islands are surrounded by a 25 nautical mile fisheries management zone where fishing effort and capacity are being managed by limiting vessel sizes, as well as total vessel engine powers (EC 813/04; EC 1967/06). Trawling is allowed within this designated conservation area, however only by vessels not exceeding an overall length of 24 m and only within designated areas. Vessels fishing in the management zone hold a special fishing permit in accordance with Regulation EC 1627/94. Moreover, the overall capacity of the trawlers allowed to fish in the 25nm zone cannot exceed 4 800 kW and the total fishing effort of all vessels is not allowed to exceed an overall engine power and tonnage of 83 000 kW and 4 035 GT respectively. The fishing capacity of any single vessel with a license to operate at less than 200m depth cannot exceed 185 kW.
In order to protect coastal habitats, the use of towed gears is prohibited within 3 nm of the coast or within the 50 m isobath if the latter is reached closer to the coast (EC 1967/2006; Res. GFCM 36/2012/3). In order to protect deep water habitats trawling at depths beyond 1000 m is also prohibited at EU and GFCM level (EC 1967/2006; Rec. GFCM 2005/1).

In terms of technical measures, EC 1967/2006 fixed minimum mesh size for bottom trawling of EU fishing vessels. Mesh size had to be at least 40 mm squared at codend or at the duly justified request of the ship owner a 50 mm stretched diamond mesh in July 2008; derogations were only possible up to 2010. Moreover, diamond mesh panels can only be used if it is demonstrated that size selectivity is equivalent to or higher than using 40 mm square mesh panels (EC 1343/2011).

REFERENCES click to enlarge

A.A.V.V. (2008). Status of deep-sea red shrimps in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Final Report. Project Ref. FISH/2004/03-32.

Abelló P., Valladares F.J., Castellón A. (1988). Analysis of the structure of decapod crustacean assemblages off Catalan coast (North-West Mediterranean). Mar. Biol., 98: 39-49.

Abellò P., Abella A., Adamidou A., Jukic-Peladic S., Maiorano P., Spedicato M.T. (2002). Geographical patterns in abundance and population structure of Nephrops norvegicus and Parapenaeus longirostris (Crustacea: Decapoda) along the European Mediterranean coasts. Sci. Mar., 66 (2): 125-141.

Alverson D.L., Freeberg S.S., Muraski S.S., Pope J.G. (1994). A global assessment of fisheries by-catch and discards. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap., 339: 233 pp.

Andreoli, M.G., Campanella, N., Cannizzaro, L., Garofalo, G., Giusto, G.B., Jereb, P., Levi, D., Norrito, G., Ragonese, S., Rizzo, P., Sinacori, G. (1995) Sampling statistics of southern Sicily trawl fisheries (MINIPESTAT): data report. NTR–ITPP Special Publication 4 (vol. II).

Anon. (2000). Analysis of trawls’ discard operation in the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea. Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Fisheries XIV. Contract No 97/0044. Final Report.

Ansell A.D., Robb L. (1977). The spiny lobster Palinurus elephas in Scottish water. Mar. Biol., 43: 63-70.

Ardizzone G.D., Gravina M.F., Belluscio A., Schintu P. (1990). Depth–size distribution pattern of Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) (Decapoda) in the central Mediterranean Sea. J. Crustac. Biol., 10(1): 139-147.

Audouin J. (1965). Répartition bathymétrique des crevettes sur les côtes algériennes entre les îles Zaffarines et les îles Habibats. Commission Internationale pour l’Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée, 18: 171-174

Azouz A. (1971). Etude des biocénoses, benthiques et de la faune ichtyologique des fonds chalutables de la Tunisie; régions nord et sud-est. Thèse Sci. nat, Univ. Caen: 243 pp.

Azouz A. (1972). Les crustacés comestibles (crevettes et langoustines) des mers tunisiennes. Bull. Int. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêche. Salammbô, 2 (3) : 275 - 301.

Azouz A. (1981). Réflexions en vue de l’amélioration de la production de la crevette royale dans le golfe de Gabès. Bull. Off. Nat. Pêche. Tunisie, 5 (2) : 101 – 113.

Babbucci M., Buccoli S., Cau A., Cannas R., Goñi R., Díaz D., Marcato S., Zane L., Patarnello T. (2010). Population structure, demographic history, and selective processes: contrasting evidences from mitochondrial and nuclear markers in the European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787). Mol. Phyl. Evol., 56: 1040-1050.

Bailey N. (1984). Some Aspects of Reproduction in Nephrops. Shellfish Committee Document CM 1984/K:33. ICES: 16 pp.

Bauer R.T. (1991). Sperm transfer and storage structures in penaeoid shrimp: a functional and phylogenetic perspective. In: R.T. Bauer and J.W. Martin, Crustacean sexual biology, Columbia University Press: 183-207.

Becer Özvarol Z.A., Tasly A., Ozvarol Y. (2006). Some biological properties of the shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) in the Gulf of Anatalya in the Mediterranean (Turkey). J.World. Aquac. Soc.: 15 pp.

Belcari P., Viva C., Mori M., De Ranieri S. (2003). Fishery and biology of Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) (Crustacea: Decapoda) in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean). J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 31: 195-204.

Bell M.C., Redant F., Tuck I. (2006). "Nephrops Species". In Bruce F. Phillips. Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries. Wiley-Blackwell. 412–461.

Bello G., Pipitone C. (2002). Predation on cephalopods by the giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 82(2): 213-218.

Ben Abdallah O. (2005). Contribution à l’étude biologique et dynamique de la crevette mouchetée Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) dans le golfe de Gabès (Tunisie). Mastère. INAT. 68 p.

Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida O. (2012). Etude biologique et dynamique de la crevette mouchetée Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) exploitée dans le golfe de Gabès (Tunisie). Thèse de doctorat. INAT. 281 p.

Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah O., Ben Hadj Hamida N., Jarboui O., Fiorentino F., Missaoui H. (2009). Reproductive biology of the speckled shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in the gulf of Gabes (Southern Tunisia, Eastern Mediterranean). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, vol. 50, no3, pp. 231-240.

Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah O., Ben Hadj Hamida N., Jarboui O., Missaoui H. (2010). Age and growth of the speckled shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) in the Gulf of Gabes (Southern Tunisia, Central Mediterranean). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, vol. 51, no3, pp. 265-274.

Ben Khemis L. (1984). Pêche à la crevette dans le golfe de Gabès. Rapp. Doc. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêche. Salammbô, 2: 3 - 30.

Ben Meriem S. (1992). Eléments en vue d’un aménagement des pêcheries du golfe de Gabès, Tunisie. Bull. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêches. Salammbô, 19 : 66 - 84.

Ben Meriem S. (1993). Taille de première maturité sexuelle et période de ponte de Penaeus kerathurus du golfe de Gabès (Decapoda, Penaeoidea). Crustaceana, 65(1): 82 - 96.

Ben Meriem S. (1994). Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus in Tunisian waters. Proc. Int. Workshop on life cycles and fisheries of red shrimps, N.T.R.-I.T.P.P. Sec. Publ., 3: 50.

Ben Meriem S. (1995). Caractères biométriques de Penaeus kerathurus du golfe de Gabès (Decapoda, Penaeoidea). Crustaceana, 68(5): 583 - 596.

Ben Meriem S. (1998). Mortalités (F et M) et analyse des rendements par recrue de Penaeus kerathurus (Forskål) du golfe de Gabès, Tunisie. Cah. Option Mediterr., 35, Dynamique des populations marines, ISSN : 1022 – 1379 : 25 - 34.

Ben Meriem S., Fiorentino F., Arneri E., Ceriola L., Gancitano V., Jarboui O., Micallef R., Mifsud R. (2013). Stock assessment of pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) in GSAs 12-16. GFCM stock assessment form submitted at the GFCM demersal stock assessment meeting in Bar, Montenegro, 03-04 February 2014.

Ben Mariem S. (2004). First approach to the growth of Penaeus kerathurus (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia. Crustaceana, 77: 277-297

Ben Meriem S., Gharbi H. (1988). Analyse préliminaire des résultats de chalutage du “HANNOUN” dans le golfe de Gabès (du 2 au 22 août 1988). Rap. Doc. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêche Salammbô, 3: 1 – 34.

Ben Meriem S., Fehri-Bedoui R., Gharbi H. (2001). Size at maturity and ovigerous period of the pink shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) in Tunisia. Crustaceana, 74(1): 39-48.

Ben Mustapha A. (1967). Observations biologiques sur Penaeus kerathurus Forskål et étude biométrique. Annales. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêche. Salammbô, (XIII).
Bevacqua D., Melià P., Follesa M.C., De Leo G.A., Gatto M., Cau A. (2010). Body growth and mortality of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas within and outside a small marine protected area. Fish. Res., 106: 543-549.

Bianchini M.L., Di Stefano L., Ragonese S. (1998). Daylight vs. night variations in the red shrimp catches of the Strait of Sicily. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit, 35(2): 374-375.

Bianchini M.L. (1999). The deep-water red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea of the Sicilian Channel: biology and exploitation. University of Washington Ph.D. dissertation: 482+ 17p.

Bianchini M.L., Ragonese S. (2002). Influence of the fishing ground on the estimates of growth parameters in the deep-water red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) of the Strait of Sicily. Biol. Mar. Medit., 9(1): 732-735.

Bianchini M.L., Ragonese S., Levi D. (2003). Management hypotheses to improve yield-per-recruit and economic returns in the red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) fishery of Southern Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 31: 233-243.

Branch, T.A., Kirkwood, G.P., Nicholson, S.A., Lawlor, B., Zara, S.J. (2000). Yield version 1.0, MRAG Ltd, London, U.K.
Brian A. (1931). La biologia del fondo a "scampi" nel Mare Ligure. V. Aristaeomorpha, Aristeus ed altri macruri natanti. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. R. Univ. Genova, 2 ( 45) : 1-6.

Brutto, S. L., Maggio, T., Arculeo, M. (2013). Isolation By Distance (IBD) signals in the deep-water rose shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) (Decapoda, Panaeidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Envir. Res., 90: 1-8.

Cacaud P. (2002) Etude comparative sur la réglementation en matière de pêche maritime dans les pays de la Méditerranée occidentale participant au projet Copemed. Projet FAO COPEMED. FAO, Rome : 34pp.

Camilleri M., Drago A., Fiorentino F., Garofalo G., Gristina M., Bahri T., Massa F. (2008) Spatial pattern of fisheries demersal resources, environmental factors and fishery activities in GSA 15. Pilot Study. MedSudMed GCP/RER/010/ITA/MSM-TD-13. MedSudMed Technical Documents, 13:105pp.

Campillo A. (1982). Premières données sur la pèche et la biologie de la langouste de Corse, Palinurus elephas Fabricius. Quad. Lab. Tecn. Pesca, 3(2-5): 115-39.

Campillo A., Amadei J. (1978). Premières données biologiques sur la langouste de Corse, Palinurus elephas Fabricius. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Marit., 42: 347-373.

Campillo A., P.Y. Dremiere, B. Liorzou, Bigot J.L. (1991). Observations sur deux crustacés profonds du Golfe du Lion, Aristeus antennatus (R.) et Nephrops norvegicus (L.). Rep Sixth Techn. Consultation Gen. Fish. Coun. Mediterranean, FAO Fish. Rep., 447: 298-313

Can M.F., Aktas M. (2005). A preliminary study on population structure and abundance of Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) (Decapoda, Natantia) in the deep water of the Northeastern Mediterranean. Crustaceana, 78 (8): 941-946.

Cannizzaro L., Vitale S., Arculeo M., De Stefano G., Lumare L., Milazzo A., Salvo G. (2011). Stock assessement and management by restocking of Melicertus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) in the shallow coastal.

Cannizzaro L., Alagna A., Andreoli M.G., Gianformaggio N. (1991) Relazione taglia–peso per alcuni pesci del Canale di Sicilia. NTR–ITPP 39:33pp.

Carpenter K.E., Niem V.H. (eds) (1988). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 2. Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. Rome, FAO.: 687-1396.

Carpentieri P., Colloca F., Ardizzone G. (2005) Day–night variations in the demersal nekton assemblages on the Mediterranean shelf-break. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 63:577-588.

Cartes J.E. (1995). Diets of, trophic resources exploited by, bathyal Penaeoidan shrimps from the Western Mediterranean. Mar. Freshwater Res., 46: 889-896.

Cartes J.E., Company J.B., Maynou F. (1994). Deep-water decapod crustacean communities in the Northwestern Mediterranean: influence of submarine canyons and season. Mar. Biol., 120: 221-230.

Castriota L., Campagnuolo S., Andaloro F. (2001). Shrimp trawl fishery by-catch in the Straits of Sicily (central Mediterranean Sea). Scientific Council Research Documents of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization, Serial No. N4501, No 01/113.

Cau A., Deiana A.M., Mura M. (1987). Ecological observations on Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1987) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the mit-Western Mediterranean Sea. Invest. Pesq., 51 (1): 456.

Cau A., Carbonell A., Follesa M.C., Mannini A., Orsi Relini L., Politou C.Y., Ragonese S., Rinelli P. (2002). MEDITS-based information on the deep water red shrimps Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Aristeidae). Sci. Mar., 66 (S2): 103-124.

Ceccaldi H.J., Latrouite D. (2000). The French fisheries for the European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas. In: B.F. Phillips & J. Kittaka (Eds) Spiny Lobster Fisheries and Culture (2nd edn). Blackwell Science, Oxford, : 200–209.

Chaouachi B., Ben Hassine O.K. (1998) Données sur la pêche des crevettes profondes Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) en Tunisie. Cah. Options Medit., 35: 201–213.

CNR–IAMC (2006). Programma Nazionale Italiano per la raccolta di dati alieutici. Modulo “Altri campionamenti biologici”- Risorse demersali - Unità Gestionale 16 (Stretto di Sicilia): rapporto finale, CNR–IAMC, Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italy: 46pp.
CNR–IAMC (2007). Programma Nazionale Italiano per la raccolta di dati alieutici. Modulo H “Campionamento biologico delle catture” (CAMP–BIOL; Risorse demersali) - GSA 16 (Stretto di Sicilia): rapporto finale, CNR–IAMC, Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italy: 186 pp.

CNR-IAMC (2009). Programma Nazionale Italiano per la raccolta di dati alieutici 2008. Modulo I. Altri campionamenti biologici risorse demersali e piccoli pelagici - GSA 16 (Stretto di Sicilia): relazione finale, IAMC-CNR, Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italia: 79 pp.

Colloca F., M. T. Spedicato, E. Massutí, Garofalo G., G. Tserpes, P. Sartor, A. Mannini, A. Ligas, G. Mastrantonio, B. Reale, C. Musumeci, I. Rossetti, M. Sartini, M. Sbrana, F. Grati, G. Scarcella, M. Iglesias, M.P. Tugores, F. Ordines, L. Gil de Sola, G. Lembo, I. Bitteto, M.T. Facchinii, A. Martiradonna, W. Zupa, R. Carlucci, M.C. Follesa, P. Carbonara, A. Mastradonio, Fiorentino F., Gristina M., Knittweis L., Mifsud R., Pace M.L., C. Piccinetti, C. Manfredi, G. Fabi, P. Polidori, L. Bolognini, R. De Marco, F. Domenichetti, R. Gramolini, V. Valavanis, E. Lefkaditou, K. Kapiris, A. Anastasopoulou and N. Nikolioudakis, 2013 Mapping of nursery and spawning grounds of demersal fish. Mediterranean Sensitive Habitats (MEDISEH) Final Report, DG MARE Specific Contract SI2.600741, Heraklion (Greece).

Company J.B., Maiorano P., Tselepides A., Politou C.-Y., Plaiti W., Rotllant M., Sardà F. (2004). Deep-sea decapod crustaceans in the western and central Mediterranean Sea: preliminary aspects of species distribution, biomass and population structure. Sci. Mar., 68 (3): 73-86.

Conides A., Glamuzina B., Dulcic J., Kapiris K., Jug-Dujakovic J., Papaconstantinou C. (2008). Study of the reproduction of the karamote shrimp Penaeus (Melicertus) kerathurus in Amvrakikos Gulf, western Greece. Acta Adriat., 49(2): 97 – 106.

Conides A., Glamuzina B., Jug-Dujacovic J., Papaconstantinou C., Kapiris K. (2006). Age, growth, and mortality of the karamote shrimp, Penaeus (Melicertus) kerathurus (Forskål 1775) in the east Ionian Sea (Western Greece). Crustaceana, 79(1): 33-52.

Cristo M., Cartes J.E. (1998). A comparative study of the feeding ecology of Nephrops norvegicus (L.), (Decapoda: Nephropidae) in the bathyal Mediterranean and the adjacent Atlantic. Sci. Mar., 62 (1): 81-90.

Crnković D. (1965). Ispitivanje ekologije i mogućnosti racionalnog unaprijeđenja eksploatacije raka Nephrops norvegicus (L) u kanalskom području sjeveroistočnog Jadrana. Disertacija, PMF Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Cuccu D. (1999). Biologia ed Ecologia dell’ Aragosta Rossa (Palinurus elephas, Fabricius, 1787). Proposte Gestionali per il Recupero dello Stock. Tesi di dottorato in biochimica comparata degli ecosistemi, Ciclo XIV, Università di Sassari, 111pp.

Cuccu D., Follesa M.C., Secci E., Cau A. (1999). Preliminary data on the movement, growth, mortality and tag retention of the spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas). European crustacean conference.

Cunningham J.T. (1891). On the development of Palinurus vulgaris, the Rock Lobster or sea crayfish. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 2: 141-150.

Cushing D.H. (1968). Fisheries biology. A study in population dynamics. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 200 pp.

De Ranieri S., Mori M., Sbrana M. (1998). Preliminary study on the reproductive biology of Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas) off the northern Tyrrhenian Sea. Biol. Mar. Medit., 5(1): 710-712.

Díaz D., Marí M., Abelló P., Demestre M. (2001). Settlement and Juvenile Habitat of the European Spiny Lobster Palinurus elephas (Crustaceana: Decapoda: Palinuridae) in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Sci. Mar., 65(4): 347–356.

Dimech M., Kaiser M.J., Ragonese S., Schembri P.J. (2012). Ecosystem effects of fishing on the continental slope in the Central Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 449: 41-54.

D’Onghia G., Maiorano P., Matarrese A., Tursi A. (1998). Distribution, biology and population dynamics of Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) (Decapoda, Natania, Aristaeidae) in the North-Western Ionian Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Crustaceana 71 (5): 518-544.

D’Onghia G., Mastrototaro F., Matarrese A., Politou C., Mytilineou C. (2003). Biodiversity of the upper slope demersal community in the eastern Mediterranean: preliminary comparison between two areas with and without trawl fishing. J. Northw. Atlant. Fish. Sci., 31: 263.

d’Udekem d’Acoz C. (1999). Inventaire et distribution des crustace´s de´capodes de l’Atlantique nord-oriental, de la Me´diterrane´e et des eaux douces continentales adjacentes au nord de 25°N. Patrimoines Naturels (MNHN/SPN) 40: 1–383.

D’Onghia G., Matarrese A., Maiorano P., Perri F. (1998) Valutazione di Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) (Crustacea, Decapoda) nel Mar Ionio. Biol. Mar. Medit. 5(2):273-283.

Dos Santos A. (1998). On the occurrence of larvae of Parapenaeus longirostris off the Portuguese Coast. J. Nat. Hist., 32: 1519-1523.

Eggleston D.B., Lipcius R.N. (1992). Shelter selection by spiny lobster under variable predation risk, social conditions, and shelter size. Ecol., 73: 992-1011.

Falciai L., Minervini R. (1996). Guide des homards, crabes, langoustes, crevettes et autres. Crustacés Décapodes d’Europe. Delachaux et Niestlé SA, Lausanne-Paris. 1-287 pp.

FAO FishStat Plus 2012. Fisheries and aquaculture software. FishStat Plus - Universal software for fishery statistical time series. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome. Updated 28 November 2013. Available at the URL: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en.

Fiorentini L., Cosimi G., Sala A., Palumbo V. (1994). Caratteristiche e prestazioni delle attrezzature a strascico impiegate per la valutazione delle risorse demersali in Italia. Biol. Mar. Medit., 1 (2): 115-134.

Fiorentino F., Bono G., Garofalo G., Gristina G., Ragonese M., Gancitano S., Giusto G.B., Rizzo P., Sinacori G. (2003). A further contribution on stock’s status and fisheries of main demersal resources in the Strait of Sicily. EN/TN/FF-GB-GG-MR-SR-SG-GBG-PR-GS/4/0303/DRAFT.

Fiorentino F., Garofalo G., Gristina G., Gancitano S., Norrito G. (2004). Some relevant information on the spatial distribution of demersal resources, benthic biocoenoses and fishing pressure in the Strait of Sicily. In: Report of the MedSudMed Expert Consultation on Spatial Distribution of Demersal Resources in the Straits of Sicily and the Influence of Environmental Factors and Fishery Characteristics. GCP/RER/010/ITA/MSM-TD-02. MedSudMed Technical Documents, 2: 50-66.

Fiorentino F., Mazzola S., Garofalo G., Patti B., Gristina M., Bonanno A., Massi D., Basitone G., Cuttitta A., Giusto G.B., Gancitano S., Sinacori G., Rizzo P., Levi D., Ragonese S. (2005). Lo stato delle risorse demersali e dei piccoli pelagici e le prospettive di pesca “sostenibile” nello Stretto di Sicilia. Convenzione con Assessorato Regione Siciliana Cooperazione, Commercio, Artigianato e Pesca, Mazara del Vallo, Italy. ID/TN/FF-SM-GG-BP-MG-AB-DM-GB-AC-GBG-SG-GS-PR-DL-SR/8/0305/rel. 1:136pp.

Fischer W., Bauchot M.L., Schneider M. Eds. (1987). Fiches FAO d’identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche. (Révision 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Volume I. Végétaux et Invertébrés. Publication préparée par la FAO, résultat d’un accord entre la FAO et la Commission des Communautés Européennes (Projet GCP/INT/422/EEC) financée conjointement par ces deux organisations. Rome, FAO, Vo1.1: 267-268.

Follesa M.C., Cuccu D., Damele F., Sabatini A., Cau A. (2003). Valutazioni sull’accrescimento di Palinurus elephas (Fabr., 1787) tramite marcatura e ricattura nei mari sardi. Biol. Mar. Medit., 10 (2): 253-256.

Follesa M.C., Cuccu D., Cannas R., Cau A. (2007). On the growth of the European spiny lobster, Palinurus elephas from Sardinian waters (Central Western Mediterranean sea). N.Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 41: 377-383.

Follesa M.C., Cuccu D., Damele F., Sabatini A., Cau A. (2007). Emigration and retention of Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) in a region of the Central Western Mediterranean MPA. Sci. Mar., 71 (2): 279-285.

Follesa M.C., Cuccu D., Cannas R., Sabatini A., Deiana A.M., Cau A. (2009). Movement patterns of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) from a central western Mediterranean protected area. Sci. Mar., 73(3): 499-506.

Froglia C., Gramitto M.E. (1988). An estimate of growth and mortality parameters for Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) in the Central Adriatic Sea. FAO Fish. Rep., 394: 189-203.

Gaamour A., Rjeibi O., Bdioui M., Missaoui H. (2005). Les pêcheries de la langouste rouge Palinurus elephas de la région Nord de la Tunisie : engin de pêche, éléments biologiques et gestion. Rapport final du projet de recherche sur la langouste rouge dans le cadre des activités de recherche du projet COPEMED. Publié dans le site du Projet COPEMED.

Gaamour A., Rjeibi O., Ben Salem S., Jaziri S. (2009). Analysis of Palinurus elephas fisheries of the North coasts of Tunisia. Proceedings of TJASSST’10, edited by: A. Ghorbel, A. Ben Salem, S. Bouzayene, pp. 112-115.

Galhardo A.M., Serafim P., Castro M. (2006). Aspects of the biology and fishery of the European spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas) from the southwest coast of Portugal. J. Crust. Biol., 26: 601–609.

Galil B., Froglia C., Nöel P. (2002). CIESM Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean. Vol. 2. Crustaceans: decapods and stomatops. [F. Briand, Ed.]. 192 pages. CIESM Publishers, Monaco.

Gamulin T. (1955). Contribution à la connaissance de l´écologie de la langouste (Palinurus vulgaris Latreille) dans l'Adriatique. Act. Adriat., VII, 3-17.

Gamulin T. (1955). Contribution à la connaissance de l’écologie de la langouste (Palinurus vulgaris Latreille). Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén., 67: 32-39.

Gancitano V., Cusumano, S., Giusto, G. B, Garofalo, G., Ingrande, G., Sabatella, E., Ragonese, S., Fiorentino, F. (2008). Valutazione dello stato di sfruttamento del gambero rosso Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) (Crustacea; Decapode) nello Stretto di Sicilia. Biol. Mar. Medit., 15(1): 326-327.

Gancitano V., Garofalo G., Gristina M., Ragonese S., Rizzo P., Gancitano S., Cusumano S., Ingrande G., Badalucco C., Fiorentino F. (2011). Potential Yield and Current Exploitation of Deep Water Pink Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris), Hake (Merluccius merluccius) and Giant Red Shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) in the Strait of Sicily. In: Brugnoli E., Cavarretta G., Mazzola S., Trincardi F., Ravaioli M., Santoleri R. (eds) Marine research at CNR - Fishery and Sea Rresources. - ISSN 2239-5172 Volume DTA/06-2011, Roma, November 2011, pp. 1-18.

Garofalo G., Fortibuoni T., Gristina M., Sinopoli M., Fiorentino F. (2011). Persistence and co-occurrence of demersal nurseries in the Strait of Sicily (central Mediterranean): Implications for fishery management. J. Sea Res., 66: 29-38.

Garofalo G., Giusto, G. B., Cusumano, S., Ingrande, G., Sinacori, G., Gristina, M., Fiorentino, F. (2007). Sulla cattura per unità di sforzo della pesca a gamberi rossi sui fondi batiali del mediterraneo orientale. Biol. Mar. Medit., 14(2): 250-251.

Gashout S., Haddoud D., Zgozi S. (1992) Distribution–abundance of commercial shrimp in Libyan waters, data from 1970 surveys. Arab Fish. J., Vol. 13.

Gayanilo Jr. F.C., Soriano M., Pauly D. (1988). A draft guide to the COMPLEAT ELEFAN. ICLARM Software Project 2: 65 p. and diskettes

Gayanilo Jr. F.C., Sparre P., Pauly D. (1994). The FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT) User's guide. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries) No. 8 Rome, FAO, 124 p. and 3 diskettes.

Gayanilo Jr. F.C., Sparre P., Pauly D. (2005). Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations – Fisat II (version 1.2.2) Rome, 2005.

George J.P. (1977). Prospection des lieux de pêche de la crevette Penaeus kerathurus et introduction d'une nouvelle technique de pêche pour ce crustacé en Tunisie (1973-1975). Bull. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêches Salammbô, 4 (2-4): 263 - 306.

Gharbi A., Ben Meriem S. (1996). Résultats de chalutages expérimentaux (mai-juin 1996) dans le golfe de Gabès. Bulletin de l’Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, 23: 80-96.

Ghidalia W., Bourgeois F. (1961). Influence de la temperature et de l’eclairement sur la distribution des crevettes des moyennes et grandes profondeurs. Stud. Rev. Gen. Fish. Count. Medit., FAO: 16: 53 pp.

Giacalone V.M., D’anna G., Pipitone C., Badalamenti F. (2006). Movements and residence time of spiny lobsters Palinurus elephas released in a marine protected area: an investigation by ultrasonic telemetry. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 86: 1101-1106.

Gislason H., Daan N., Rice J.C., Pope J.G. (2010). Size, growth, temperature and the natural mortality of marine fish. Fish Fish., 11: 149–158.

Goñi R., Hilborn R., Diaz D., Mallol S., Adlerstein S. (2010). Net contribution of spillover from a marine reserve to fishery catches. Mar. Ecol. Prog. S., 400: 233-243.

Goñi R., Latrouite D. (2005). Review of the biology, ecology and fisheries of Palinurus spp. species of European waters: Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) and Palinurus mauritanicus (Gruvel, 1911). Cah. Biol. Mar., 46(2): 127-142.

Goñi R., Quetglas A., Reñones O. (2001a). Diet of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Decapoda: Palinuridea) from the Columbretes Islands Marine Reserve (north-western Mediterranean). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 81: 347-348.

Goñi R., Quetglas A., Renones O. (2006). Spillover of spiny lobsters Palinurus elephas from a marine reserve to an adjoining fishery. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 306: 207-219.

Goñi R., Quetglas A., Reñones O., Mas, J. (2003c). Threats to the sustainability of Palinurus elephas fisheries. The Lobster Newsletter, 16, 2–5.

Goñi R., Quetglas A., Reñones R. (2003d). Biología, ecología, pesquerías y efecto reserva de la langosta roja, Palinurus elephas Fabricius 1787 de Columbretes y Baleares (Mediterráneo Occidental). Report 03-01, 1-107. 2003. IEO-COB/LANGOSTA.

Goñi R., Quetlas A., Reñones O. (2003a). Size at maturity, fecundity and reproductive potential of a protected population of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) from the Western Mediterranean. Mar. Biol., 143: 583-592.

Goñi R., Quetlas A., Reñones O. (2003b). Differential catchability of male and female European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) in traps and terammelnets. Fish. Res., 65: 295-307.

Goñi R., Reñones O., Quetglas A. (2001b). Dynamics of a protected western mediterranean population of the european spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) assessed by trap survey. Mar. Freshw. Res., 52: 1577–1587.

Goñi, R. (2006). Proyecto langosta. Biología, ecología, pesquerías y efecto reserva de la langosta roja Palinurus elephas (Fabricius 1787) en el Mediterráneo Español. Revista electrónica del IEO 4, 21-26. 2006.

Groffiths R.C., Robles R., Coppola S.R., Camiñas J.A. (2007). Is there a future for artisanal fisheries in the western Mediterranean? FAO, Rome. 106pp.

Gristina M., Fiorentino F., Garofalo G., Ragonese S., Gagliano M. (2002). Gli effetti della protezione sull'aragosta comune (Palinurus elephas Fabricius, 1787) nella riserva marina delle "Isole Egadi". Report Rapporto preliminare, ID/W.PR./MG-FF-GG-SR-MG/2/07/02/DRAFT, 1-23.. Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italy, Instituto di Ricerche sulle Risorse Marine e l'Ambiente - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.

Gristina M., Fiorentino F., Garofalo G., Gagliano M., Morizzo G., Cusumano S. (2005). Effetti della protezione sull'aragosta comune (Palinurus elephas Fabricius, 1787) nella Riserva Marina delle Isole Egadi. Biol. Mar. Medit., 12: 404-409.

Gristina M., Fiorentino F., Garofalo G., Sinopoli M. (2008). L’aragosta comune Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1878), nell’Area Marina Protetta di Capo Gallo – Isola Delle Femmine. Processi di reclutamento ed impatto della pesca. Pesca e gestione delle aree marine protette, workshop Porto Cesareo, 30 - 31 ottobre 2008.

Gristina M., Sinopoli M., Fiorentino F., Garofalo G.,·Badalamenti F. (2011). Shelter selection of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas under different levels of Octopus vulgaris predation threat. Mar. Biol., 158: 1331–1337.

Groeneveld J.C., Goni R., Latrouite D. (2006). "Palinurus species". In Bruce F. Phillips. Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 385–411. ISBN978-1-4051-2657-1.

Guijarro B., Valls M., Massutí E. (2010). SAC GFCM - Sub-Committee on Stock Assessment (SCSA). 27 September 2010.

Guillen J., Maynou F., Floros C., Sampson D., Conides A., Kapiris K. (2012). A bio-economic evaluation of the potential for establishing a commercial fishery on two newly developed stocks: The Ionian red shrimp fishery. Scientia Marina, 76 (3). doi:10.3989/scimar.03434.07I.

Hammond R.D., Naylor E. (1977). Effects of dusk and dawn on locomotor activity rhythms in the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus. Mar. Biol., 39: 253-260.

Hassan H. (1983). Distribution of penaeid larvae in the coastal waters of Pakistan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Karachi, Pakistan. pp. 288.

Heldt H. (1938). La reproduction chez les Crustacés décapodes de la famille des Pénéides. Inst. Océanogr., 18: 1-206.

Heldt H., Heldt J.H. (1954). Les crustacés comestibles des mers tunisiennes et leur pêche. Annales Sta. Océanogr. Salammbô, 9: 3 – 16.

Heldt J. (1955). Contribution a l’etude e la biologie des crevettes peneides Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso) et Aristeus antennatus (Risso). Bull. Soc. Des Sc. Tunisie, VIII (1-2): 1-29.

Heldt J.H. (1932). Sur quelques différences sexuelles (Coloration, Taille, Rostre) chez deux crevettes tunisiennes : Panaeus caramote Risso et Parapenaeus longirostris Lucas. Bull. Sta. Océanogr. Salammbô, (27): 1 - 25.

Heldt J.H. (1938). La reproduction chez les Crustacés Décapodes de la famille des Pénéides. Ann. Inst. Océanogr. Paris, 28: 1 – 206.

Heldt J.H. (1954). Contribution à l’étude de la biologie des Pénéides. Bull. Sta. Océanogr. Salammbô, 47: 5 - 27.

Hepper B.T. (1967). Observation on a crawfish (Palinurus vulgaris Latr.) tagging experiment off Cornwall in 1966. ICES CM. Shelfish and Benthos Committee, 13: 1-4

Hepper B.T. (1970). Observation on the growth of crawfish, Palinurus vulgaris Latr. Off the coast of cornwall. ICES CM. Shelfish and Benthos Committee, 9: 1-10.

Holthuis L.B. (1980). Shrimps and prawns of the world. FAO. Fish. Synop. 125 (1), 271 p.

Holthuis L.B. (1987). Invertébrés marins : Les crevettes. In : Fiches FAO d’identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche. Zone 37. Révision. W. Fisher M.L. Bauchot M. Schneider (eds), FAO. Publ. Vol. 1, Rome, pp : 189-292.

Holthuis L.B. (1991). FAO Species Catalogue, Marine Lobsters of the World – FAO Fisheries Synopsis N° 125, Vol 13. Rome, FAO: 115-122.

Hunter E. (1999). Biology of the european spiny lobster, Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) (Decapoda, Palinuridea). Crustaceana, 72(6): 545-567.

Hunter E., Shackley S.E., Bennett D.B. (1996). Recent studies on the crawfish Palinurus elephas in South Wales and Cornwall. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 76: 963-983.

IMBC, UMBSM, and IRPEM. (1994). Nephrops norvegicus stock variability and assessment in relation to fishing pressure and environmental factors. Final report to EC, contract XIV-1/MED/91/003.

IRMA–CNR (1999). Valutazione delle risorse demersali nello Stretto di Sicilia (Mar Mediterraneo) nell’ambito del piano quadriennale 1996–99: rapporto finale – vol. 1–2. Gruppo Nazionale Valutazione Risorse Demersali (GRUND), Unità Operativa n° 11, IRMA–CNR, Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italy: 97pp.

Jarboui O. (2009). Available information on closed season in the MedSudMed and CopeMed II area Tunisian case study. In: Report of the Sub-regional Working Group on demersal shared stocks in the MedSudMed and CopeMed II area Mazara del Vallo (Italy), 16-17 September 2010. Presented to the 9th MedSudMed Coordination Committee. 24-25 March 2011, Capo Granitola-Mazara del Vallo, Italy.FAO-MedSudMed: CC9/Info06. 46pp.

Jaziri H., Ben Meriem S. (2011) Changement spatio-bathymétrique de la taille de la crevette, Penaeus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) par sexe et localisation en Tunisie. 13 eme Journée des Sciences Marine Tunisie et deuxième rencontre franco-tunisienne d’Ichtyologie 26-29 Novembre 2011. Communication par poster. Mahdia, Tunisia, unpublished.

Jimenez S., Cano R., Bayle J., Sanchez-Lizaso J.L. (1996). Las praderas de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile como zona de proteccion de juveniles de especies de interés comercial. Tomo Extraordinario, 125 Aniversario de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural: 375-378.

Kapiris K. (2012). Feeding Habits of Both Deep-Water Red Shrimps, Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus (Decapoda, Aristeidae) in the Ionian Sea (E. Mediterranean). Food Quality, Kostas

Kapiris (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0560-2, InTech.

Karani I., Kitsos M.S., Chartosia N., Koukouras A. (2005). Diet Composition of the Penaeid Shrimp, Melicertus Kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the Aegean Sea. Crustaceana, 78 (4): 385-396.

Karlovac O. (1965). Contribution à la connaissance de la biologie de la langouste commune (Palinurus elephas Fabr.) Note préliminaire). Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du CIESMM. XVIII: 181-184.

Kirkwood G.P., Aukland R., Zara S.J. (2001). Length Frequency Distribution Analysis (LFDA), version 5.0. MRAG Ltd, London, U.K.

Knittweis L., Dimech M. (2009). Assessment of nursery and spawning areas of commercially important species in GSA 15. Presentation given at the 11th session of the GFCM Sub-Committee on Stock Assessment (SCSA) held on the 30/11/2009 – 03/12/2009 in Malaga, Spain.

Knittweis L., Dimech M. (2011). Malta’s Fisheries Management Plan 2011-2015; Annex VII – Proposed Fishing Protected Area in International Waters; Recommendations based on the spatial distribution of commercially important species in GSA 15.

Knittweis L., Arneri E., Ben Meriem S., Dimech M., Fiorentino F., Gancitano V., Jarboui O., Mbarek K.B., Ceriola L. (2013). Stock status and potential yield of deep water rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris, Lucas 1846) in the south-central Mediterranean Sea. MedSudMed Technical Documents. No. 28. GCP/RER/010/ITA/MSM-TD-28, Rome, 2013: 15 pp.

Kosmas K., Maria T.L. (2012) Reproductive biology of the Melicertus kerathurus (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in Thermaikos Gulf (N. Aegean Sea) : 1-15.

Lamboeuf M., Ben Abdallah A., Zgozi S., Natati A., Mer A., Abdubari A. (1995). Libyan marine resource assessment. Trawl survey results 1993–1994. FI:DP/LIB/88/009 – FI:GCP/LIB/021/IsDB, FAO, Tripoli–Rome. Technical Briefing Notes, 26: 83pp.

Latrouite D., Noel P. (1997). Pêche de la langouste rouge Palinurus elephas en France, éléments pour fixer une taille marchande. ICES CM 1997/BB: 13.

Levi D., Andreoli M.G., Giusto R.M. (1995). First assessment of the rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas 1846), in the central Mediterranean. Fish. Res., 21: 375-393.

Levi D., Vacchi M. (1988). Macroscopic scale for simple and rapid determination of sexual maturity in Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1826) (Decapoda, Penaeidae). J. Crust. Biol,. 8 (4): 532-538.

Ligas A., Abella A., Colloca F. (2011). SAC GFCM - Sub-Committee on Stock Assessment (SCSA). 17 October 2011.

Lipcius R.N., Herrnkind W.F. (1987). Control and coordination of reproduction and molting in the spiny lobster Palinurus argus. Mar. Bio., 96: 207-214.

Lleonart J., Salat J. (1997). VIT: software for fishery analysis. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 11. Rome, FAO: 105pp.

Loo L.O., Baden S.P., Ulmestrand M. (1993). Suspension feeding in adult Nephrops norvegicus (L.) and Homarus gammarus (L.) (Decapoda). Neth. J. Sea Res., 31 (3): 291-297.

Maiorano P., Sion L., Carlucci R., Capezzuto F., Giove A., Costantino G., Panza M., D’Onghia G., Tursi A. (2010). The demersal faunal assemblage of the north-western Ionian Sea (central Mediterranean): current knowledge and perspectives. Chemistry and Ecology, 26 (Suppl.): 219–240.

Marano G., Ungaro N., Marzano M.C., Marsan R. (1998). Le Risorse Demersali dell'Adriatico pugliese: analisi di una serie storica ('85-'95) relativa ai dati di cattura e demografia degli stock. Biol. Mar. Medit., 5 (2): 52-67.

Marcias S., Sacco F., Cau A., Cannas R. (2010). Microsatellite markers for population genetic studies of the giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 39.

Marin J. (1985). Etude de la croissance des Crustaces à partir des données de marquages-recaptures. Application à la langouste rouge de Corse, Palinurus elephas Fabricius. Journal du Conseil International pur l'Exploration de la Mer 26, 1-17.

Marin J. (1985). La lanoguste rouge: biologie et exploitation. Pêche maritime, 64: 105-113.

Marin J. (1987). Exploitation, biologie et dynamique du stock de langouste rouge de Corse, Palinurus elephas, Fabricius 1787. Thesis, University College, Galway. 331 pp.

Matarrese A., D’Onghia G., Tursi A., Maiorano P. (1997). Vulnerabilità e resilienza in Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) e Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1861) (Crostacei, Decapodi) nel Mar Ionio. S. It. E. Atto, 18: 535-538.

Maurin C. (1962). Etude des fonds chalutables de la Méditerranée occidentale (écologie et pêche): Résultats des compagnes des navires océanographiques «Président-Théodore-Tissier» 1957 à 1960 et « Thalassa » 1960 et 1961.26, ISTPM. 218 pp.

Maurin C. (1965). Repartition des erevettes profondes au large des cotes de Sardaigne et de Corse. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Medit., 18 (2): 175-178

Maurin C., Carries C. (1968). Note préliminaire sur l’alimentation des Crevettes profondes. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 19(2): 155-156.

Maynou F., Cartes J.E. (2011). Effects of trawling on fish and invertebrates from deep-sea coral facies of Isidella elongata in the western Mediterranean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association U.K., 92 (7): 1501-1507.

Maynou F., Sardà F. (1997). Nephrops norvegicus population and morphometrical characteristics in relation to substrate heterogeneity. Fish. Res., 30: 139 –149.

McKoy J.L., Esterman D.B. (1981). Growth of rock lobsters (Jasus edwardsii) in the Gisborne region. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 15: 121–136.
MedSudMed (2008). Bibliographic synthesis of information on some target species in the MedSudMed Project area (central Mediterranean). MedSudMed Technical Documents 15, Rome: 69 pp.

Mercer J.P. (1973). Studies on spiny lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae) of the west coast of Ireland, with particular reference to Palinurus elephas Fabricius 1787. Ph.D. Thesis, University College Galway, Ireland, 331 pp.

Minervini R. (1996). Guide des homards, crabes, langoustes, crevettes et autres crustacés décapodes d’Europe. 287 p. Delachaux et Niestlé.

Missaoui H. (2004). The effects of environmental factors on the distribution of crustaceans along the Tunisian coast. MedSudMed Technical Documents 2.

Missaoui H., Zaouali J. (1995). Apparition de nouveaux Crustacés dans les pêches crevettières du golfe de Gabès, Tunisie. Marine Life, 5 (2): 27 - 34.

Morratoupolu Kassimati E. (1973). Distribution and fishing of the lobster Palinurus vulgaris and Homarus vulgaris in Greek seas. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Médit., 22(4): 69-70.

Mosbah S., Ghorbel M., Jarboui O., Lenfant P., Verdoit-Jarraya M. (2012). Application des methodes d’analyses des donnees pour la gestion des ressources naturelles. Statistique Fonctionelle et Operationelle. Recueil des resumes, Annee 2011-2012: 3-9.

Mytilineou C., Castro M., Gancho P., Fourtouni A. (1998) Growth studies on Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the adjacent Atlantic. Sci. Mar., 62 (Supl. 1): 43-60.

Mytilineou C., Castro M., Gancho P., Fourtouni A. (1998). Growth studies on Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.) in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the adjacent Atlantic. Sci. Mar., 62 (1): 43-60.

Nouar A. (1985). Contribution a l’étude de la crevette pénéide Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846), dans la région d’Alger: écologie, biologie, exploitation. PhD thesis, Univ. Houari Boumedienne, 136 pp.

Needle C.L. (2003) Survey-based assessments with SURBA. Working Document to the ICES Working Group on Methods of Fish Stock Assessment, Copenhagen, 29 January to 5 February 2003.

Newman G.G., Pollock D.E. (1974). Growth of the rock lobster Jasus lalandii and its relationship to benthos. Mar. Biol., 52: 347–356.

Orsi Relini L., Relini G. (1985). The red shrimp fishery in the Ligrian Sea: mismanagement or not? FAO Fish. Rep., 336: 99-106.

Orsi Relini L., Relini G. (1989). Reproduction of Nephrops norvegicus L. in isothermal mediterranean waters. In Reproduction, Genetics and Distributions of Marine Organisms. Ed. J.S. Ryland, P.A. Tyler, Pub. Olsen e Olsen, Denmark: 153-160.

Orsi Relini L., Zamboni A., Fiorentino F., Massi D. (1998). Reproductive patterns in Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus (L.), (Crustacea Decapoda Nephropidae) of different Mediterranean areas. Sci. Mar., 62 (1): 25-41.

Palero F., Abelló P., Macpherson E., Matthee C.M., Pascual M. (2011). Genetic Diversity Levels in Fishery-Exploited Spiny Lobsters of the Genus Palinurus (Decapoda: Achelata).

Palero F., Guerao G., Abelló P. (2008). Morphology of the final stagephyllosoma larva of Scyllarus pygmaeus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae), identified by DNA analysis. J. Plank. Res., 30: 483–488.

Palero F., Guerao G., Clark P.F., Abelló P. (2011). Scyllarus arctus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) final stage phyllosoma identified by DNA analysis, with morphological description. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K., 91(2): 485-492.

Palero, F., Abello, P., Macpherson, E., Gristina, M., Pascual, M. (2008). Phylogeography of the European spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas): Influence of current oceanographical features and historical processes. Molec. Phyl. Evol., 48: 708-717.

Papaconstantinou C., Kapiris K. (2003). The biology of giant red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) at an unexploited fishing ground in the Grek Ionian Sea. Fish. Res., 62: 37-51.

Pauly D. (1980). On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. J. Cons. CIEM, 39 (3):175-192.

Pauly, D. (1987) A review of the ELEFAN system for analysis of length-frequency data in fish and aquatic invertebrates. In: D. Pauly and G.R. Morgan (eds.) Length-Based methods in fisheries researches.

Proc. Int. Conference on the theory and application of length-based methods for stock assessment, 11-16 February 1985, Mazara del Vallo, Sicily, Italy, ICLARM Conference Proceedings 13: 7-34.

Pellerito R., Arculeo M., Bonhomme F. (2009) Recent expansion of Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of Melicertus (Penaeus) kerathurus (Crustacea:Decapoda). Fish. Sci.,75:1089–1095. DOI 10.1007/s12562-009-0131-z.

Perdichizzi A., Pirrera L., Micale V., Muglia U., Rinelli P. (2012). A histological study of ovarian development in the giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Aristeidae) from the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean). Scient. World J. doi: 10.1100/2012/289608.

Peres J.M. (1967). The Mediterranean benthos. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 5: 449–533.

Pérez Farfante I., Kensley B. (1997). Penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world. Keys and diagnoses for the families and genera. Mém. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., 175: 1-233.

Pipitone C., Badalamenti F., Cuttitta C., D’Anna G., Gristina M. (1994). Preliminary results on the diet of Aristaeomorpha foliacea in the Sicilian Strait (Central Mediterranean Sea). Proc. Int. Workshop on life cycles and fisheries of red shrimps. N.T.R.-I.T.P.P. Spec. Publ., 3: 47-48.

Politou C.Y., Kapiris K., Maiorano P., Capezzuto F., Dokos J. (2004). Deep-Sea Mediterranean biology, the case of A. foliacea (Risso, 1827) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Aristeidae). Sci. Mar., 68 (3): 117-127.

Pollock D.E. (1979). Predator-prey relationship between the rock lobster Jasus lalandii and the mussel Aulocomya ater at Robben Island on the Cape west coast of Africa. Mar. Biol., 52: 347–356.

Pollock D.E. (1982). The fishery and population dynamics of West Coast rock lobster related to the environment in the Lambert’s Bay and Port Nolloth areas. Investigations of the Sea Fisheries Institute of South Africa, 124: 57 pp.

Pollock D.E. (1991). Spiny lobster at Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: inter-island variations in growth and population structure. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 10: 1–12.

Pollock D.E., De Beyers C.J. (1981). Environment, distribution and growth rates of West Coast rock-lobster Jasus lalandii (H. Milne Edwards). Trans. Royal Soc. S. Afr., 44: 379–400.

Quetglas A., Gaamour A., Reñones O., Missaoui H., Zarrouk T., Elabed A., Goñi R. (2004). Spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas, Fabricius 1787) fisheries in the western Mediterranean: A comparison of Spanish and Tunisian fisheries. Boll. Soc. Hist. Nat. Baleares, 47: 63-80.

Ragonese S. (1995). Geographical distribution of Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Crustacea-Aristeidae) in the Sicilian Channel (Mediterranean Sea). ICES J. Mar. Sci. Symp., 199: 183-188.

Ragonese S., Abella A., Fiorentino F., Spedicato M.T. (2006). Methods for estimating the instantaneous rate of natural mortality (M) in fisheries science with particular reference to the Mediterranean. Biol. Mar. Medit., 13(3): 78-151.

Ragonese S., Andreoli M.G., Bono G., Giusto G.B., Rizzo P., Sinacori G. (2004). Overview of the available biological information on demersal resources of the Strait of Sicily. GCP/RER/010/ITA/MSM-TD-02. MedSudMed Technical Documents 2: 67-74.

Ragonese S., Bertolino F., Bianchini M.L. (1997). Biometric relationships of the red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso 1827), in the Strait of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Sci. Mar., 61(3): 367-377.

Ragonese S., Bianchini M.L. (1995). Size at sexual maturity in red shrimp females Aristaeomorpha foliacea, from the Sicilian Channel (Mediterranean Sea). Crustaceana, 68 (1): 73-82.

Ragonese S., Bianchini M.L. (2006). Trawl selectivity trials on the deep-water rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) in Sicilian waters. Hydrobiologia, 557: 113–119.

Ragonese S., Giusto G.B. (1998). Deep water occurrence of Penaeus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the Strait of Sicily (central Mediterranean Sea). Crustaceana, 71: 353-357.

Ragonese S., Vitale S., Dimech M., De Santi A. (2012). Growth discontinuity in males of the deep-water giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Ecol., 33: 386–392.

Ragonese S., Zagra M., Di Stefano L., Bianchini M.L. (2001). Effect of codend mesh size on the performance of the deep-water bottom trawl used in the red shrimp fishery in the Strait of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Hydrobiologia, 449: 279-291.

Rainer S.F. (1992). Diet of prawns from the continental slope of North-Western Australia. Bull. Mar. Sci., 50(2): 258-274.

Rao P.V. (1972). Seasonal abundance of larvae and post-larvae of the Commercially important penaeid prawns in the inshore Waters of Cochin. Ind. J. Fish., 19 (1-2): 86-96.

Rawag A.A., Haddoud D.A., Zgozi S.W. (2004). Commercial demersal marine species of Libya. GCP/RER/010/ITA/MSM-TD-02. MedSudMed Technical Document, 2: 75-81.

Relini G., Bertrand J., Zamboni A. (eds.) (1999). Synthesis of the knowledge on bottom fishery resources in Central Mediterranean (Italy and Corsica). Biol. Mar. Medit., 6 (1).

Relini M., Torchia G. (1998). Unexpected displacement of a spiny lobster in the Ligurian sea. Biol. Mar. Medit., 5: 641-643.

Rikhter V.A., Efanov V.N. (1976). On one of the approaches to estimation of natural mortality of fish populations. ICNAF Res.Doc., 79/VI/8 : 12pp.

Rjeibi O. (2012). Biologie et dynamique des populations de la langouste rouge Palinurus elephas pêchée sur les côtes tunisiennes. Thèse de doctorat de l’Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie spécialité Halieutique, Tunisie. 281 pp.

Rjeibi O., Gaamour A., Missaoui H. (2010). Kinetics of ooegenesis and spawning strategy of the red spiny lobster Palinurus elephas. J. Crust. Biol., 30: 401-412.

Rjeibi O., Gaamour A., Missaoui H. (2011). Etude de la croissance de la langouste rouge, Palinurus elephas dans les eaux tunisiennes. Bull. Inst. Natn. Scien. Tech. Mer de Salammbô, vol 38.

Rjeibi O., Gaamour A., Rjeibi O., Missaoui H. (2010). Kinetics of ooegenesis and spawning strategy of the red spiny lobster Palinurus elephas. J. Crust. Biol., 30: 401-412.

SAMED (2002). Stock Assessment in the Mediterranean. European Commission, Directorate-General XIV, Project 99/047, Final Report.

Sardà F., Lleonart J., Cartes J.E. (1998). An analysis of the population dynamics of Nephrops norvegicus (L.) in the Mediterranean Sea. SCI. MAR., 62 (Supl. 1): 135-143.

Scordella G., Lumare F. (2001). Stato delle popolazioni di Penaeus kerathurus: valutazione dello sforzo di pesca e della produttivita nelle aree di Termoli (CB), Lesina (FG) e Frigole (LE). In: Proceedings of the Workshop Stato della pesca e dinamica di popolazione del gambero mediterraneo Penaeus kerathurus in alcune aree della costa adriatica, Lecce, 16 Marzo. pp. 20–27.

Secci E., Cuccu D., Follesa M.C., Cau A. (1999). Fishery and tagging of Palinurus elephas in Sardinian seas. In: Von-Vaupel Klein, J.C., Schram F.R. (eds.) Fourth International Crustacean Congress Procedings of the Fourth International Crustacean Congress, Amsterdam. Brill, Leiden, 665-672. Amsterdam. Brill, Leiden., A.A. Balkema/Rotterdam/Brookfield. The Biodiversity Crisis and Crustacea. 20-7-1998.

Secci E., Cuccu D., Follesa M.C., Sabatini A., Cau A. (1999). Restocking of Palinurus elephas (Fabr, 1787) in a Western Central Sardinian area. Biol. Mar. Medit., 6: 614-616.

Serpil Y., Becer Ozvarol Z.A., Ozvarol Y. (2009). Fisheries and Shrimp Economy, Some Biological Properties of the Shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricus, 1798) in the Gulf of Antalya (Turkey). J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 8: 2530-2536.

Sheehy M.R.J. (1990a). Widespread occurrence of fluorescent morphological lipofuscin in the crustacean brain. J. Crust. Biol., 10: 613-622.

Sheehy M.R.J. (1990b). Potential of morphological lipofuscin age-pigment as an index of crustacean age. Mar. Biol. Berlin, 107: 439-442.

Sheehy M.R.J., Cameron E., Marsden G., Mcgrath J. (1995). Age structure of female giant tiger prawns Penaeus monodon as indicated by neuronal lipofuscin concentration. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 117: 59-63.

Sobrino I., Silva C., Sbrana M., Kapiris K. ( 2005). A review of the biology and fisheries of the deep water rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris, in European Atlantic and Mediterranean waters (Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata, Penaeidae). Crustaceana, 78: 1153–1184.

Spedicato M.T., Lembo G., Silecchia T., Carbonara P. (1996). Distribuzione e biologia di Parapenaeus longirostris nel Tirreno centro-meridionale. Biol. Mar. Medit., 3(1): 579-581.

STECF (2013). In: Cardinale M., Charef A., Osio C. (eds.) Assessment of Mediterranean Sea stocks part 1 (STECF-13-22) Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, ISBN 978-92-79-34645-3, doi:10.2788/36268, 400 pp.

STECF 11-14 (2011). Assessment of Mediterranean Sea stocks – part 2. Report of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries. JRC scientific and policy reports, edited by Cardinale M., Raetz J.-J., Charef A., EUR 25053 EN. 611 pp.

STECF 12-19 (2012). Assessment of Mediterranean Sea stocks – part 1. Report of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries. JRC scientific and policy reports, edited by Cardinale M., Osio G.C., Charef A., pending EUR number. 502 pp.

Symonds D.J. (1972). The fishery for the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), off the north-east coast of England. Fishery Investigations, Series II, 27(3): 35pp..

Tabka-Belkhodja S. (2004). Contribution à l’étude écobiologique de la crevette blanche Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius) dans le golfe de Gabès. Mastère. INAT. 68 p.

Taylor C.C. (1959). Temperature and growth. J. Conseil. Explor. Mer., 25 (1): 93-101.

Tidu C., Sardá R., Pinna M., Cannas A., Meloni M.F., Lecca E., Savarino R. (2004). Morphometric relationships of the European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas from the northwestern Sardinia. Fish. Res., 69: 371-379.

Tsagarakis K., Palialexis A., andVassilopoulou V. (2013). Mediterranean fishery discards: reviewof the existing knowledge. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71 (5): 1219-1234. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fst074.

Tuck I.D., Chapman C.J., Atkinson R.J.A. (1997). Population biology of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.) in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland-I: Growth and density. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 54: 125-135.

Turkmen G, Yilmazyerli H. (2006). Some biological aspects of Melicertus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) Inhabiting Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea) Turkey. Crustaceana, 79(5): 583-591.

Turkmen G., Ozden O., Parug S., Akalin S. (2007). Some Reproductive Aspects of Melicertus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) Inhabiting the Gulluk Bay (Aegean Sea) of Turkey. J. App. Biol. Sci., 1(1): 69-74, 2007.

Tursi A., Matarrese A., D’Onghia G., Maiorano P., Mastrotataro F., Balanini M., Panza M. (1999). Parapenaeus longirostris. In: Relini G., Bertrand J.A., Zamboni A. (eds.) Synthesis of knowledge on bottom fishery resources in central Mediterranean (Italy and Corsica). Biol. Mar. Medit., 6(1): 541-553.

Ungaro N., Marano G., Marsan R., Pastorelli A.M. (1999). On the reproduction of Nephrops norvegicus (L.) in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea): sex ratio, maturity length and potential fecundity. Crustacean Issues, 12: 553-561.

Véron G. (1995). Organisation et classification du règne animal. Nathan : 128 pp.

Vila Y., Medina A., Megina C., Ramos F., Sobrino I. (2000). Quantification of the agepigment lipofuscin in brains of known-age, pond-reared prawns Penaeus japonicus (Crustacea, Decapoda). Journ. exp. Zool., 286: 120-130.

Vitale S., Cannizzaro L., Lumare F., Arculeo M., Mazzola S. (2013). Restocking trial of Melicertus kerathurus (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the shallow coastal waters of southwestern Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Rapp. Comm. Int. Mar Medit. 2013.

Vitale S., Cannizzaro L., Bono G., Beltrano A.M., Milazzo A., Norrito G. (2006). Catch composition of Decapoda crustaceans from trawl fishery catches in the Central Mediterranean Sea. J. Coast. Res., Special Issue, 39 (1): 1798-1800.

Vitale S., Cannizzaro L., Lumare L., Mazzola S. (2010). Population parameters of Melicertus kerathurus (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in Southwest Sicilian shallow waters (Mediterranean Sea) using Length-Frequency Analysis. Crustaceana, 83 (8): 997-1007. DOI:10.1163/001121610X510615.

Wadie W.F., Abdel Razek F.A. (1985). The effect of damming on the shrimp population in the south-eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Fish. Res., 3: 323–335.

Wilson D.P. (1949). Notes from the Plymouth aquarium, an apparent example of learning in Palinurus vulgaris Latreille. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K., 28: 347.

Zimmer-Faust R.K., Tyre J.E. Case J.F. (1985). Chemical attraction causing aggregation in the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus (Randall), and its probable ecological significance. Biol. Bull., 169: 106-l 18.

Zitari-Chatti R., Chatti N., Elouaer A., Said K. (2008). Genetic variation and population structure of the camarote prawn Penaeus kerathurus (Forskål) from the eastern and western Mediterranean coasts in Tunisia. Aquac. Res., 39: 70–76.

Zouari M., (1984). Etude descriptive de la pêche à la crevette au filet tramail fil 40.000 dans la région de Gabès. Rapp. Doc. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêche Salammbô, 2: 31 - 45.

    ::HOME    ::THE PROJECT    ::ACTIVITIES    ::PUBLICATIONS    ::EVENTS    ::Country Fishery Information   

FAO MEDSUDMED Project  FAO-FIRF Room C351-C353 -Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome -Italy-
::: tel  +39 06 570 54492 ::: fax +39 06 570 55188 -

©FAO-MedSudMed,

© FAO MedSudMed project - Web site. [online]. Rome. Updated. [Cited ].