ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING OF THE FISHERY RESOURCES AND THE ECOSYSTEMS IN THE STRAITS OF SICILY
HOME  

English

Italiano

العربية

  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  Citation:
 

Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798)
  SPECIES DESCRIPTION
  ECOLOGY
    Geographical distribution
    Habitats
    Migrations
  BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
    Maximum size
    Spawning
    Length at first maturity
    Eggs, larvae and post-larvae
    Recruitment and nursery areas
    Sex ratio
    Length-weight relationships
    Maximum age and natural mortality
    Von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF)
    Feeding behaviour
    Stock units
  EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION
    Biomass indices from trawl surveys
    Strength of recruitment
    Stock assessment
    Fisheries
    Fishing zones and seasons
    Yeld
    Fishing and discards
    Gears
    Legislation and management


Figure 35. Metapenaeus monoceros (from Fischer et al., 1987).

   
Class:  Malacostraca
Order:  Decapoda
Family:  Penaeidae
English name:  Speckled shrimp
   

SPECIES DESCRIPTION

Metapenaeus monoceros (Speckled shrimp) belongs to the family Penaeidae. It is a medium size shrimp with maximum total length 15 cm for males and 19.5 cm females (Fischer et al., 1987). Generally, total length ranges from 1.05 to 13.5 cm. It has a pale grey with dark brown spots. The rostral and abdominal carenes are brown, the antennae red. The esoskeleton is covered with stiff. Pereopods and pleopods are of the same colour as the body, sometimes more vivid. The distal part of the uropods are purple blue, the outer edge of esopodites red. The rostrum is of the same length of the tip of antennular peduncle and has 9-12 teeth. The carapace has robust antennal and small hepatic spines. The ridge bounds a well-marked postantennular groove which meets cervical groove. The carina post-rostrum spans backward up to the posterior margin of the carapace. The body is pinkish, greyish green or whitish with brown spots. Rostral and abdominal carenes are brown, antennae red. The telson has lateral edges trimmed with tiny spines of the same size and culminate in a single sharp point.

ECOLOGY

Geographical distribution
Metapenaeus monoceros was originally found in the Indo-West Pacific, along the African coast to the Red Sea and around India to the Bay of Bengal. It has migrated through the Suez Canal into the Eastern Mediterranean since 1927 [1924] (Balss, 1927), being recorded in Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Greece and Tunisia (Galil et al., 2002; Holthuis, 1987).

Habitats
M. monoceros is a demersal species that lives in shallow water down to 60 meters, mostly between 10 and 30 meters. The species prefers sandy and sandy-mud bottoms. It is a euryhaline species which lives in brackish to marine salinities as low as 5 and up to 30‰. Juveniles are found in estuaries, lagoons or coastal areas, the adults further offshore. The species has high commercial value. It is important in some African countries like Mozambique, Kenya and Tanzania and it is one of the dominant species of Madagascar. It is also important in Somalia, the Gulf of Aden and the southern part of the Red Sea, as well as in most parts of India (especially Kerala and the Ganges Delta) and Pakistan. It is cultivated in rice fields in Bangladesh and India. Now, it is also trawled in the Eastern Mediterranean off the southern coast of Turkey, on the continental shelf off Palestine, off Alexandria, Egypt and off the southern coasts of Tunisia, Gulf of Gabès, (GSA 14) (Galil et al., 2002; Missaoui and Zaouali, 1995; Holthuis, 1980; 1987).

Migrations
M. monoceros in figure shows a bathymetric distribution related to size: the smaller specimens are caught more frequently on the outer continental shelf (2-10m depth), whereas the larger ones are mainly distributed down to 50 m depth. Juveniles inhabit estuaries (Fisher and Bianchi, 1984; Wadie and Abdel Razek, 1985; Holthuis, 1987). The same bathymetrical pattern was also observed in the Gulf of Gabès (Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida, 2012).

BIOLOGICAL DATA

Maximum size
The maximum size registered for M. monoceros in the Gulf of Gabès (GSA 14) is 178 mm total length (TL) for female (Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah, 2012) and 160 mm for male (Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah et al., 2010).

Spawning
According to Serpil Yilmaz et al. (2009), in the Gulf of Antalya (Turkey, north levant Mediterranean, GSA 24), M. monoceros spawns, in December-January.
On the basis of the evolution of mature males by months, Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah et al. (2010) reported that reproduction in the GSA 14 occurs all year round, although the highest percentage of mature males is found from May to December. They also reported that mature females occur twice per year with a first spawing period in spring (May-June) and a second more intense one in autumn (October-November).

Length at first maturity
In the GSA 14, length at 50% maturity was found 76.7 mm and 117.6 mm total length in males and females respectively (Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida, 2012).
The length at first maturity in the GSA 24 was 75 mm TL for males and 115 mm for females (Serpil Yilmaz et al., 2009).

Eggs, larvae and post-larvae
The small amount information available on eggs and larvae is from the Indian Ocean.
Seasonal distribution of the larvae and post-larvae of M. monoceros of the Cochin area during the years 1966-67, 1967-68 and 1968-69 showed that annual fluctuations in the occurrence of the larvae and post-larvae of the species were very wide. A greater abundance of the larvae in the inshore waters during the year seems to indicate a good prawn fishery in the subsequent season. The larvae of the species are able to withstand a wide range in salinity (Rao, 1972).
Hassan (1983) studying the egg and larvae distribution of the species in the coasts of Pakistan, showed that increased larval abundance coincide with increasing temperature. Moreover, he indicated that abundance of larvae during summer is also correlated with increased production of phytoplankton and micro organisms. According to the same Author, there are also several other factors which presumably influence the abundance of the species eggs and larvae such as turbidity of sea water due to monsoonal turbulence that may facilitate survival and abundance of some larval stages.

Recruitment and nursery areas
Although no specific information on recruitment of this species is avaialble in literature it is generally thougth that M. monocerus recruits in very shallow waters.

Sex ratio
In the Gulf of Gabès (GSA 14), the global sex ratio (SR), for M. monoceros, as number of females out of the total number of sexed specimens, was 0.6 (Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah et al., 2009). However, in the interval 70-100 mm (total length), the males prevail. Outside this interval, females are prevalent (Figure 36).
In the same area, the monthly evolution of the sex-ratio during the period between January 2007 and January 2008 shows that this parameter is always in favour of females. However, there are significant variations according to the months, especially in March, September and October (Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah et al., 2009).
In the Gulf of Antalya (GSA 24), Serpil Yilmaz et al. (2009) reported that females and males of this shrimp made up 0.72 and 0.28 respectively.


Figure 36. Sex ratio by size of M. monoceros in GSA 14 (Redrawn from Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah et al., 2009).

Length-weight relationships
The parameters of the length-weight relationships for M. monoceros are reported in Table 12. M. monocheros generally idsplays an isometric length-weight relationship in females and a positive allometric length-weight relationship in males.

Table 12. Parameters of the length-weight relationships of M. monoceros in GSAs 14 and 24.

Author GSA Sex a b Period


Ben Abdallah- Ben Hadj Hamida (2012)


Serpil Yilmaz et al. (2009)


Becer Ozvarol et al. (2006)
14


24

24		 F+M

F
M

F+M

F
M		 1.2788E-05

6.5046E-06
5.7174E-06

0.1287

0.1313
0.2417		 3.0508

3.0294
2.8672

2.97

2.97
2.35

2005-2008


2002-2003

2002-2003
 

Maximum age and natural mortality
According to Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah et al. (2010), life span of M. monoceros in GSA 14 is 2 years, being the maximum age 2.2 years for females and 1.5 years for males.
The natural mortality (M) values, for this shrimp in the Gulf of Gabès (GSA 14) were estimated by Ben Abdallah- Ben Hadj Hamida (2012), on the basis of a comparison of results produced by different methods (Pauly, 1980; Rikhter and Efanov, 1976; Taylor, 1959; Cushing, 1968) varying between 1.73 year-1 in female and 2.74 year-1 in male.
An estimate of the M vector for M. monoceros by the Gislason et al. (2010) model was used in length cohort analysis by Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida (2012) (Figure 37).


Figure 37. Vector of natural mortality for M. monoceros in the Gulf of Gabès estimated by the Gislason et al. (2010) model (Redrawn from Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah et al., 2009).

Von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF)
The Von Bertalanffy growth function parameters, by sex available for the Gulf of Gabès area (GSA 14) are reported in the Table 13 (Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah et al., 2010).

Author GSA

Females

Males

 Period
L∞ k t0 L∞ k t0

Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah (2010)

 14 19.33 1.36 0.04 16.96 2.02 0.01 2005-2008

Feeding behaviour
Working on stomach contents of Metapenaeus monoceros in the Gulf of Gabès, Tabka-Belkhodja (2004) noted the existence of crustaceans (amphipods and copepods), molluscs (cephalopods, bivalves and gastropods), Polycheata, sponge spicules, prickles of echinoderms, fish scales, foraminifera and plant debris. This author also demonstrated that the food spectrum of this species varies seasonally and according to size. In fact, in fall shrimp feeds mainly on plants and foraminifera as well as amphipods and copepods. In winter, the diet of this crustacean is composed largely of Polycheata beside amphipods and copepods. While in spring crustaceans, molluscs and Polycheata dominate the stomach contents of the species. According Tabka-Belkhodja (2004), smaller individuals feed mainly on copepods and shells while the biggest prefer amphipods, cephalopods, Polycheata and echinoderms.

Stock units
This species appeared in the Gulf of Gabès (GSA 14) in 1995. Although no information on stock structure of this species in the Mediterranean are available, the M. monocerus in the GSA 14 is assumed to be one stock unit.

EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION

Biomass indices from trawl surveys
No information on the biomass indices of the species from trawl surveys is available.

Strength of recruitment
In 2007-2008, the mean number of recruits for M. monoceros in the Gulf of Gabès (GSA 14) estimated by Length Cohort Analysis was 102207802 (91.402 tones) for females and 93210120.72 (90.421 tons) for males (Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida, 2012).

Stock assessment
Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida (2012) assessed the speckled shrimp stock in GSA 14 by Length-Cohort and Yield-per-Recruit analyses of length–frequency distributions, by sex representative of M. monoceros landings in 2007-2008 (mean: 1006 tons). Regardless of the different value of natural mortality used, speckled shrimp appears to be overfished (Table 14). To reach Y/Rmax current F should be reduced by 67% for females and 68% for males. More severe reduction of current F is advisable if Y/R0.1 is chosen as a target reference point. Furthermore, the current SPR, calculated as current SSB/R excluding virgin SSB/R, was only 8-13%, suggesting overfishing especially on recruits. This low value is very far from the value currently considered as a limiting reference point (SPR about 20–40%) to avoid the reduction of recruitment in an exploited stock.
The results of pseudo-cohort analysis on M. monoceros showed that the average annual biomass of this species in the gulf of Gabès during 2007-2008 was estimated to be about 1148.9 tons and 2604 tons respectively for males and females. In this area, the individuals’ total number was estimated to 260.8 million and 409.3 million respectively for the two sexes. Furthermore, the fishing mortality coefficients variation, as a function of size, shows that trawling primarily targets medium-sized individuals, while artisanal fishing is directed specifically towards large and medium size individuals (Figures 38 and 39).

Fisheries
M. monoceros is regularly caught by trammel nets in shallower waters (5-25 m) and by trawlers in a depth range of 30 to 50 m (Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah et al., 2009; 2010).

Table 14: Main results of length-cohort and Y/R analyses M. monoceros in GSA 14 (from Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida, 2012). Recruitment is in millions of individuals, age is in years, total length (TL) is in centimetres, weight is in grams. R = recruit; Y = yield; M = natural mortality; F = fishing mortality; SSB = spawning stock biomass; SPR = spawning potential ratio.

Parameters

Vectorial M
Females Males

Recruits at 5 cm TL (in millions)
Mean Z
Mean F
Exploited critical age
Virgin critical age
Exploited critical length (TL)
Virgin critical length (TL)
Current Y/R (in grams)
Y/Rmax
Y/R0.1
Current SSB/R
Virgin SSB/R
Current SPR
Factor per Y/Rmax
Factor per Y/R0.1

 102.207
0.632
0.546
7.319
15.433
11
16
5.708
6.536
6.194
8.433
105.495
0.08
0.33
0.19		 93.210
0.972
0.856
5.2
8.487
10
13
4.536
5.043
4.761
8.674
67.124
0.13
0.32
0.18


Figure 38. Fishing mortality variation regarding total length of M. monoceros males in GSA 14 (Redrawn from Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida, 2012).

Fishing zones and seasons
In Tunisian waters, M. monoceros is only encountered in the south-eastern coasts represented by the Gulf of Gabès (Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah et al., 2009; 2010).
In this area, trawling for shrimp fishing is authorized each year, at depths greater than 30 metres during two periods of a month and a half each; the first from 15th May to 30 th June and the second from 16 th October to 30 th November. Shrimp fishing by trammel nets goes from April to August, coinciding with the summer during which climatic conditions and abundance of shrimp foster good yields. During this period, the activity of the fleet is not regular. It is conditioned by the strength of tidal currents that can tilt the threads on the bottom. No information is available for Libyan coast.


Figure 39. Fishing mortality variation regarding total length of M. monoceros females in GSA 14 (Redrawn from Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida, 2012).

Yeld
Since its appearance in 1994, the speckled shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros has been exploited in the Gulf of Gabès (GSA 14) by trawlers as well as artisanal fishery units. Over the years, this species has increasingly been landed at the main ports of the southern part of Tunisia. Production has also fluctuated significantly.
During the first five years after its appearance in the GSA 14, the speckled shrimp yield was low and did not exceed 200 tons. Since 1999, yield has increased considerably to reach a first peak in 2000 with more than 2484 tons. The contributions of this species have declined then during 2001 (770 tonnes). In 2002, the yield of M. monoceros recovered and rose again to record a maximum of more than 2557 tonnes in 2004. Over the last five years, the contribution of the species has declined significantly until 2008 when it was at its lowest since the onset of the shrimp in the Gulf of Gabès (Figure 40).


Figure 40. Total, artisanal fishery and trawlers yield of M. monoceros in GSA 14 from 1994 to 2009 (Redrawn from Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida, 2012).

The landings from benthic trawling are larger than the contributions of artisanal fishery. Indeed, the first units contribute, on average, about 70% of the total yield of the species.
For all the fleets, the most important landings of M. monoceros in the Gulf of Gabès are recorded in the main ports of the governorate of Sfax (Figure 41).

Figure 41. Contribution of the main fleets in the governorates of Sfax, Gabès and Medenine to the yield of M. monoceros in 1994-2009 (Redrawn from Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida, 2012).

Fishing and discards
M. monoceros is generally fished together with Melicertus kerathurus (Caramote prawn), Sepia officinalis (Common cuttlefish), Diplodus annularis (Annular seabream), Mullus barbatus (Red mullet), Lithognathus mormyrus (Striped seabream) and Solea sp.
The landings of this species by the banned gear called ‘kiss’ or mini-trawl, which operates in very low depths (10-20 m), are usually accompanied by significant quantities of discards.

Gears
The speckled M. monoceros exploitation in the Gulf of Gabès is carried out by two types of fishing: coastal or artisanal fishery (using trammel nets) and benthic trawling (using the shrimp bottom trawl). Moreover, it should be noted that this species is also landed in significant quantities by fishing units through illegal gear called mini-trawl or ‘kiss’. However, the contributions of these units are not reported in the fishery statistics.
Bottom trawling for shrimp, essentially in the southern region of Tunisia (Gulf of Gabès), is carried out with netting with a small mesh size (from 48 mm in the wings to 40 mm in the cod-end). The average vertical mouth opening is 2 m.
Trammel wire 40 000 (40 000 mesh / kg) is used in southern Tunisia for shrimp fishery and is composed of three layers of netting. The middle layer presents a mesh size of about 22 to 24 mm and a low hanging ratio which is less than 0.5 for some slack that promotes capture.
The two other layers are in turn stretched mesh 5 to 7 times greater than that of the previous one.

Legislation and management
No legislation or management measures concerning the speckled shrimp M. monoceros fishery in the Gulf of Gabès.
However, this species is generally captured in association with the caramote prawn M. kerathurus of which fishing activities are regulated by the law of September 28th 1995. This regulation only allows trawling for shrimp at depths greater than 30 meters during two periods:

  • From 15 th May to 30 th June

  • From 16 th October to 30 th November.

Outside these two periods trawling activities are authorised in the area beyond 50m depth.
An historical excursus of the regulations on shrimp fisheries in the GSA 14 is reported in the chapter on M. kerathurus.

REFERENCES click to enlarge

A.A.V.V. (2008). Status of deep-sea red shrimps in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Final Report. Project Ref. FISH/2004/03-32.

Abelló P., Valladares F.J., Castellón A. (1988). Analysis of the structure of decapod crustacean assemblages off Catalan coast (North-West Mediterranean). Mar. Biol., 98: 39-49.

Abellò P., Abella A., Adamidou A., Jukic-Peladic S., Maiorano P., Spedicato M.T. (2002). Geographical patterns in abundance and population structure of Nephrops norvegicus and Parapenaeus longirostris (Crustacea: Decapoda) along the European Mediterranean coasts. Sci. Mar., 66 (2): 125-141.

Alverson D.L., Freeberg S.S., Muraski S.S., Pope J.G. (1994). A global assessment of fisheries by-catch and discards. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap., 339: 233 pp.

Andreoli, M.G., Campanella, N., Cannizzaro, L., Garofalo, G., Giusto, G.B., Jereb, P., Levi, D., Norrito, G., Ragonese, S., Rizzo, P., Sinacori, G. (1995) Sampling statistics of southern Sicily trawl fisheries (MINIPESTAT): data report. NTR–ITPP Special Publication 4 (vol. II).

Anon. (2000). Analysis of trawls’ discard operation in the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea. Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Fisheries XIV. Contract No 97/0044. Final Report.

Ansell A.D., Robb L. (1977). The spiny lobster Palinurus elephas in Scottish water. Mar. Biol., 43: 63-70.

Ardizzone G.D., Gravina M.F., Belluscio A., Schintu P. (1990). Depth–size distribution pattern of Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) (Decapoda) in the central Mediterranean Sea. J. Crustac. Biol., 10(1): 139-147.

Audouin J. (1965). Répartition bathymétrique des crevettes sur les côtes algériennes entre les îles Zaffarines et les îles Habibats. Commission Internationale pour l’Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée, 18: 171-174

Azouz A. (1971). Etude des biocénoses, benthiques et de la faune ichtyologique des fonds chalutables de la Tunisie; régions nord et sud-est. Thèse Sci. nat, Univ. Caen: 243 pp.

Azouz A. (1972). Les crustacés comestibles (crevettes et langoustines) des mers tunisiennes. Bull. Int. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêche. Salammbô, 2 (3) : 275 - 301.

Azouz A. (1981). Réflexions en vue de l’amélioration de la production de la crevette royale dans le golfe de Gabès. Bull. Off. Nat. Pêche. Tunisie, 5 (2) : 101 – 113.

Babbucci M., Buccoli S., Cau A., Cannas R., Goñi R., Díaz D., Marcato S., Zane L., Patarnello T. (2010). Population structure, demographic history, and selective processes: contrasting evidences from mitochondrial and nuclear markers in the European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787). Mol. Phyl. Evol., 56: 1040-1050.

Bailey N. (1984). Some Aspects of Reproduction in Nephrops. Shellfish Committee Document CM 1984/K:33. ICES: 16 pp.

Bauer R.T. (1991). Sperm transfer and storage structures in penaeoid shrimp: a functional and phylogenetic perspective. In: R.T. Bauer and J.W. Martin, Crustacean sexual biology, Columbia University Press: 183-207.

Becer Özvarol Z.A., Tasly A., Ozvarol Y. (2006). Some biological properties of the shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) in the Gulf of Anatalya in the Mediterranean (Turkey). J.World. Aquac. Soc.: 15 pp.

Belcari P., Viva C., Mori M., De Ranieri S. (2003). Fishery and biology of Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) (Crustacea: Decapoda) in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean). J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 31: 195-204.

Bell M.C., Redant F., Tuck I. (2006). "Nephrops Species". In Bruce F. Phillips. Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries. Wiley-Blackwell. 412–461.

Bello G., Pipitone C. (2002). Predation on cephalopods by the giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 82(2): 213-218.

Ben Abdallah O. (2005). Contribution à l’étude biologique et dynamique de la crevette mouchetée Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) dans le golfe de Gabès (Tunisie). Mastère. INAT. 68 p.

Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida O. (2012). Etude biologique et dynamique de la crevette mouchetée Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) exploitée dans le golfe de Gabès (Tunisie). Thèse de doctorat. INAT. 281 p.

Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah O., Ben Hadj Hamida N., Jarboui O., Fiorentino F., Missaoui H. (2009). Reproductive biology of the speckled shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in the gulf of Gabes (Southern Tunisia, Eastern Mediterranean). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, vol. 50, no3, pp. 231-240.

Ben Hadj Hamida-Ben Abdallah O., Ben Hadj Hamida N., Jarboui O., Missaoui H. (2010). Age and growth of the speckled shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) in the Gulf of Gabes (Southern Tunisia, Central Mediterranean). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, vol. 51, no3, pp. 265-274.

Ben Khemis L. (1984). Pêche à la crevette dans le golfe de Gabès. Rapp. Doc. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêche. Salammbô, 2: 3 - 30.

Ben Meriem S. (1992). Eléments en vue d’un aménagement des pêcheries du golfe de Gabès, Tunisie. Bull. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêches. Salammbô, 19 : 66 - 84.

Ben Meriem S. (1993). Taille de première maturité sexuelle et période de ponte de Penaeus kerathurus du golfe de Gabès (Decapoda, Penaeoidea). Crustaceana, 65(1): 82 - 96.

Ben Meriem S. (1994). Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus in Tunisian waters. Proc. Int. Workshop on life cycles and fisheries of red shrimps, N.T.R.-I.T.P.P. Sec. Publ., 3: 50.

Ben Meriem S. (1995). Caractères biométriques de Penaeus kerathurus du golfe de Gabès (Decapoda, Penaeoidea). Crustaceana, 68(5): 583 - 596.

Ben Meriem S. (1998). Mortalités (F et M) et analyse des rendements par recrue de Penaeus kerathurus (Forskål) du golfe de Gabès, Tunisie. Cah. Option Mediterr., 35, Dynamique des populations marines, ISSN : 1022 – 1379 : 25 - 34.

Ben Meriem S., Fiorentino F., Arneri E., Ceriola L., Gancitano V., Jarboui O., Micallef R., Mifsud R. (2013). Stock assessment of pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) in GSAs 12-16. GFCM stock assessment form submitted at the GFCM demersal stock assessment meeting in Bar, Montenegro, 03-04 February 2014.

Ben Mariem S. (2004). First approach to the growth of Penaeus kerathurus (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia. Crustaceana, 77: 277-297

Ben Meriem S., Gharbi H. (1988). Analyse préliminaire des résultats de chalutage du “HANNOUN” dans le golfe de Gabès (du 2 au 22 août 1988). Rap. Doc. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêche Salammbô, 3: 1 – 34.

Ben Meriem S., Fehri-Bedoui R., Gharbi H. (2001). Size at maturity and ovigerous period of the pink shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) in Tunisia. Crustaceana, 74(1): 39-48.

Ben Mustapha A. (1967). Observations biologiques sur Penaeus kerathurus Forskål et étude biométrique. Annales. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêche. Salammbô, (XIII).
Bevacqua D., Melià P., Follesa M.C., De Leo G.A., Gatto M., Cau A. (2010). Body growth and mortality of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas within and outside a small marine protected area. Fish. Res., 106: 543-549.

Bianchini M.L., Di Stefano L., Ragonese S. (1998). Daylight vs. night variations in the red shrimp catches of the Strait of Sicily. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit, 35(2): 374-375.

Bianchini M.L. (1999). The deep-water red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea of the Sicilian Channel: biology and exploitation. University of Washington Ph.D. dissertation: 482+ 17p.

Bianchini M.L., Ragonese S. (2002). Influence of the fishing ground on the estimates of growth parameters in the deep-water red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) of the Strait of Sicily. Biol. Mar. Medit., 9(1): 732-735.

Bianchini M.L., Ragonese S., Levi D. (2003). Management hypotheses to improve yield-per-recruit and economic returns in the red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) fishery of Southern Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 31: 233-243.

Branch, T.A., Kirkwood, G.P., Nicholson, S.A., Lawlor, B., Zara, S.J. (2000). Yield version 1.0, MRAG Ltd, London, U.K.
Brian A. (1931). La biologia del fondo a "scampi" nel Mare Ligure. V. Aristaeomorpha, Aristeus ed altri macruri natanti. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. R. Univ. Genova, 2 ( 45) : 1-6.

Brutto, S. L., Maggio, T., Arculeo, M. (2013). Isolation By Distance (IBD) signals in the deep-water rose shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) (Decapoda, Panaeidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Envir. Res., 90: 1-8.

Cacaud P. (2002) Etude comparative sur la réglementation en matière de pêche maritime dans les pays de la Méditerranée occidentale participant au projet Copemed. Projet FAO COPEMED. FAO, Rome : 34pp.

Camilleri M., Drago A., Fiorentino F., Garofalo G., Gristina M., Bahri T., Massa F. (2008) Spatial pattern of fisheries demersal resources, environmental factors and fishery activities in GSA 15. Pilot Study. MedSudMed GCP/RER/010/ITA/MSM-TD-13. MedSudMed Technical Documents, 13:105pp.

Campillo A. (1982). Premières données sur la pèche et la biologie de la langouste de Corse, Palinurus elephas Fabricius. Quad. Lab. Tecn. Pesca, 3(2-5): 115-39.

Campillo A., Amadei J. (1978). Premières données biologiques sur la langouste de Corse, Palinurus elephas Fabricius. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Marit., 42: 347-373.

Campillo A., P.Y. Dremiere, B. Liorzou, Bigot J.L. (1991). Observations sur deux crustacés profonds du Golfe du Lion, Aristeus antennatus (R.) et Nephrops norvegicus (L.). Rep Sixth Techn. Consultation Gen. Fish. Coun. Mediterranean, FAO Fish. Rep., 447: 298-313

Can M.F., Aktas M. (2005). A preliminary study on population structure and abundance of Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) (Decapoda, Natantia) in the deep water of the Northeastern Mediterranean. Crustaceana, 78 (8): 941-946.

Cannizzaro L., Vitale S., Arculeo M., De Stefano G., Lumare L., Milazzo A., Salvo G. (2011). Stock assessement and management by restocking of Melicertus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) in the shallow coastal.

Cannizzaro L., Alagna A., Andreoli M.G., Gianformaggio N. (1991) Relazione taglia–peso per alcuni pesci del Canale di Sicilia. NTR–ITPP 39:33pp.

Carpenter K.E., Niem V.H. (eds) (1988). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 2. Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. Rome, FAO.: 687-1396.

Carpentieri P., Colloca F., Ardizzone G. (2005) Day–night variations in the demersal nekton assemblages on the Mediterranean shelf-break. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 63:577-588.

Cartes J.E. (1995). Diets of, trophic resources exploited by, bathyal Penaeoidan shrimps from the Western Mediterranean. Mar. Freshwater Res., 46: 889-896.

Cartes J.E., Company J.B., Maynou F. (1994). Deep-water decapod crustacean communities in the Northwestern Mediterranean: influence of submarine canyons and season. Mar. Biol., 120: 221-230.

Castriota L., Campagnuolo S., Andaloro F. (2001). Shrimp trawl fishery by-catch in the Straits of Sicily (central Mediterranean Sea). Scientific Council Research Documents of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization, Serial No. N4501, No 01/113.

Cau A., Deiana A.M., Mura M. (1987). Ecological observations on Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1987) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the mit-Western Mediterranean Sea. Invest. Pesq., 51 (1): 456.

Cau A., Carbonell A., Follesa M.C., Mannini A., Orsi Relini L., Politou C.Y., Ragonese S., Rinelli P. (2002). MEDITS-based information on the deep water red shrimps Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Aristeidae). Sci. Mar., 66 (S2): 103-124.

Ceccaldi H.J., Latrouite D. (2000). The French fisheries for the European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas. In: B.F. Phillips & J. Kittaka (Eds) Spiny Lobster Fisheries and Culture (2nd edn). Blackwell Science, Oxford, : 200–209.

Chaouachi B., Ben Hassine O.K. (1998) Données sur la pêche des crevettes profondes Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) en Tunisie. Cah. Options Medit., 35: 201–213.

CNR–IAMC (2006). Programma Nazionale Italiano per la raccolta di dati alieutici. Modulo “Altri campionamenti biologici”- Risorse demersali - Unità Gestionale 16 (Stretto di Sicilia): rapporto finale, CNR–IAMC, Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italy: 46pp.
CNR–IAMC (2007). Programma Nazionale Italiano per la raccolta di dati alieutici. Modulo H “Campionamento biologico delle catture” (CAMP–BIOL; Risorse demersali) - GSA 16 (Stretto di Sicilia): rapporto finale, CNR–IAMC, Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italy: 186 pp.

CNR-IAMC (2009). Programma Nazionale Italiano per la raccolta di dati alieutici 2008. Modulo I. Altri campionamenti biologici risorse demersali e piccoli pelagici - GSA 16 (Stretto di Sicilia): relazione finale, IAMC-CNR, Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italia: 79 pp.

Colloca F., M. T. Spedicato, E. Massutí, Garofalo G., G. Tserpes, P. Sartor, A. Mannini, A. Ligas, G. Mastrantonio, B. Reale, C. Musumeci, I. Rossetti, M. Sartini, M. Sbrana, F. Grati, G. Scarcella, M. Iglesias, M.P. Tugores, F. Ordines, L. Gil de Sola, G. Lembo, I. Bitteto, M.T. Facchinii, A. Martiradonna, W. Zupa, R. Carlucci, M.C. Follesa, P. Carbonara, A. Mastradonio, Fiorentino F., Gristina M., Knittweis L., Mifsud R., Pace M.L., C. Piccinetti, C. Manfredi, G. Fabi, P. Polidori, L. Bolognini, R. De Marco, F. Domenichetti, R. Gramolini, V. Valavanis, E. Lefkaditou, K. Kapiris, A. Anastasopoulou and N. Nikolioudakis, 2013 Mapping of nursery and spawning grounds of demersal fish. Mediterranean Sensitive Habitats (MEDISEH) Final Report, DG MARE Specific Contract SI2.600741, Heraklion (Greece).

Company J.B., Maiorano P., Tselepides A., Politou C.-Y., Plaiti W., Rotllant M., Sardà F. (2004). Deep-sea decapod crustaceans in the western and central Mediterranean Sea: preliminary aspects of species distribution, biomass and population structure. Sci. Mar., 68 (3): 73-86.

Conides A., Glamuzina B., Dulcic J., Kapiris K., Jug-Dujakovic J., Papaconstantinou C. (2008). Study of the reproduction of the karamote shrimp Penaeus (Melicertus) kerathurus in Amvrakikos Gulf, western Greece. Acta Adriat., 49(2): 97 – 106.

Conides A., Glamuzina B., Jug-Dujacovic J., Papaconstantinou C., Kapiris K. (2006). Age, growth, and mortality of the karamote shrimp, Penaeus (Melicertus) kerathurus (Forskål 1775) in the east Ionian Sea (Western Greece). Crustaceana, 79(1): 33-52.

Cristo M., Cartes J.E. (1998). A comparative study of the feeding ecology of Nephrops norvegicus (L.), (Decapoda: Nephropidae) in the bathyal Mediterranean and the adjacent Atlantic. Sci. Mar., 62 (1): 81-90.

Crnković D. (1965). Ispitivanje ekologije i mogućnosti racionalnog unaprijeđenja eksploatacije raka Nephrops norvegicus (L) u kanalskom području sjeveroistočnog Jadrana. Disertacija, PMF Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Cuccu D. (1999). Biologia ed Ecologia dell’ Aragosta Rossa (Palinurus elephas, Fabricius, 1787). Proposte Gestionali per il Recupero dello Stock. Tesi di dottorato in biochimica comparata degli ecosistemi, Ciclo XIV, Università di Sassari, 111pp.

Cuccu D., Follesa M.C., Secci E., Cau A. (1999). Preliminary data on the movement, growth, mortality and tag retention of the spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas). European crustacean conference.

Cunningham J.T. (1891). On the development of Palinurus vulgaris, the Rock Lobster or sea crayfish. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 2: 141-150.

Cushing D.H. (1968). Fisheries biology. A study in population dynamics. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 200 pp.

De Ranieri S., Mori M., Sbrana M. (1998). Preliminary study on the reproductive biology of Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas) off the northern Tyrrhenian Sea. Biol. Mar. Medit., 5(1): 710-712.

Díaz D., Marí M., Abelló P., Demestre M. (2001). Settlement and Juvenile Habitat of the European Spiny Lobster Palinurus elephas (Crustaceana: Decapoda: Palinuridae) in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Sci. Mar., 65(4): 347–356.

Dimech M., Kaiser M.J., Ragonese S., Schembri P.J. (2012). Ecosystem effects of fishing on the continental slope in the Central Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 449: 41-54.

D’Onghia G., Maiorano P., Matarrese A., Tursi A. (1998). Distribution, biology and population dynamics of Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) (Decapoda, Natania, Aristaeidae) in the North-Western Ionian Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Crustaceana 71 (5): 518-544.

D’Onghia G., Mastrototaro F., Matarrese A., Politou C., Mytilineou C. (2003). Biodiversity of the upper slope demersal community in the eastern Mediterranean: preliminary comparison between two areas with and without trawl fishing. J. Northw. Atlant. Fish. Sci., 31: 263.

d’Udekem d’Acoz C. (1999). Inventaire et distribution des crustace´s de´capodes de l’Atlantique nord-oriental, de la Me´diterrane´e et des eaux douces continentales adjacentes au nord de 25°N. Patrimoines Naturels (MNHN/SPN) 40: 1–383.

D’Onghia G., Matarrese A., Maiorano P., Perri F. (1998) Valutazione di Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) (Crustacea, Decapoda) nel Mar Ionio. Biol. Mar. Medit. 5(2):273-283.

Dos Santos A. (1998). On the occurrence of larvae of Parapenaeus longirostris off the Portuguese Coast. J. Nat. Hist., 32: 1519-1523.

Eggleston D.B., Lipcius R.N. (1992). Shelter selection by spiny lobster under variable predation risk, social conditions, and shelter size. Ecol., 73: 992-1011.

Falciai L., Minervini R. (1996). Guide des homards, crabes, langoustes, crevettes et autres. Crustacés Décapodes d’Europe. Delachaux et Niestlé SA, Lausanne-Paris. 1-287 pp.

FAO FishStat Plus 2012. Fisheries and aquaculture software. FishStat Plus - Universal software for fishery statistical time series. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome. Updated 28 November 2013. Available at the URL: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en.

Fiorentini L., Cosimi G., Sala A., Palumbo V. (1994). Caratteristiche e prestazioni delle attrezzature a strascico impiegate per la valutazione delle risorse demersali in Italia. Biol. Mar. Medit., 1 (2): 115-134.

Fiorentino F., Bono G., Garofalo G., Gristina G., Ragonese M., Gancitano S., Giusto G.B., Rizzo P., Sinacori G. (2003). A further contribution on stock’s status and fisheries of main demersal resources in the Strait of Sicily. EN/TN/FF-GB-GG-MR-SR-SG-GBG-PR-GS/4/0303/DRAFT.

Fiorentino F., Garofalo G., Gristina G., Gancitano S., Norrito G. (2004). Some relevant information on the spatial distribution of demersal resources, benthic biocoenoses and fishing pressure in the Strait of Sicily. In: Report of the MedSudMed Expert Consultation on Spatial Distribution of Demersal Resources in the Straits of Sicily and the Influence of Environmental Factors and Fishery Characteristics. GCP/RER/010/ITA/MSM-TD-02. MedSudMed Technical Documents, 2: 50-66.

Fiorentino F., Mazzola S., Garofalo G., Patti B., Gristina M., Bonanno A., Massi D., Basitone G., Cuttitta A., Giusto G.B., Gancitano S., Sinacori G., Rizzo P., Levi D., Ragonese S. (2005). Lo stato delle risorse demersali e dei piccoli pelagici e le prospettive di pesca “sostenibile” nello Stretto di Sicilia. Convenzione con Assessorato Regione Siciliana Cooperazione, Commercio, Artigianato e Pesca, Mazara del Vallo, Italy. ID/TN/FF-SM-GG-BP-MG-AB-DM-GB-AC-GBG-SG-GS-PR-DL-SR/8/0305/rel. 1:136pp.

Fischer W., Bauchot M.L., Schneider M. Eds. (1987). Fiches FAO d’identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche. (Révision 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Volume I. Végétaux et Invertébrés. Publication préparée par la FAO, résultat d’un accord entre la FAO et la Commission des Communautés Européennes (Projet GCP/INT/422/EEC) financée conjointement par ces deux organisations. Rome, FAO, Vo1.1: 267-268.

Follesa M.C., Cuccu D., Damele F., Sabatini A., Cau A. (2003). Valutazioni sull’accrescimento di Palinurus elephas (Fabr., 1787) tramite marcatura e ricattura nei mari sardi. Biol. Mar. Medit., 10 (2): 253-256.

Follesa M.C., Cuccu D., Cannas R., Cau A. (2007). On the growth of the European spiny lobster, Palinurus elephas from Sardinian waters (Central Western Mediterranean sea). N.Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 41: 377-383.

Follesa M.C., Cuccu D., Damele F., Sabatini A., Cau A. (2007). Emigration and retention of Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) in a region of the Central Western Mediterranean MPA. Sci. Mar., 71 (2): 279-285.

Follesa M.C., Cuccu D., Cannas R., Sabatini A., Deiana A.M., Cau A. (2009). Movement patterns of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) from a central western Mediterranean protected area. Sci. Mar., 73(3): 499-506.

Froglia C., Gramitto M.E. (1988). An estimate of growth and mortality parameters for Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) in the Central Adriatic Sea. FAO Fish. Rep., 394: 189-203.

Gaamour A., Rjeibi O., Bdioui M., Missaoui H. (2005). Les pêcheries de la langouste rouge Palinurus elephas de la région Nord de la Tunisie : engin de pêche, éléments biologiques et gestion. Rapport final du projet de recherche sur la langouste rouge dans le cadre des activités de recherche du projet COPEMED. Publié dans le site du Projet COPEMED.

Gaamour A., Rjeibi O., Ben Salem S., Jaziri S. (2009). Analysis of Palinurus elephas fisheries of the North coasts of Tunisia. Proceedings of TJASSST’10, edited by: A. Ghorbel, A. Ben Salem, S. Bouzayene, pp. 112-115.

Galhardo A.M., Serafim P., Castro M. (2006). Aspects of the biology and fishery of the European spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas) from the southwest coast of Portugal. J. Crust. Biol., 26: 601–609.

Galil B., Froglia C., Nöel P. (2002). CIESM Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean. Vol. 2. Crustaceans: decapods and stomatops. [F. Briand, Ed.]. 192 pages. CIESM Publishers, Monaco.

Gamulin T. (1955). Contribution à la connaissance de l´écologie de la langouste (Palinurus vulgaris Latreille) dans l'Adriatique. Act. Adriat., VII, 3-17.

Gamulin T. (1955). Contribution à la connaissance de l’écologie de la langouste (Palinurus vulgaris Latreille). Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén., 67: 32-39.

Gancitano V., Cusumano, S., Giusto, G. B, Garofalo, G., Ingrande, G., Sabatella, E., Ragonese, S., Fiorentino, F. (2008). Valutazione dello stato di sfruttamento del gambero rosso Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) (Crustacea; Decapode) nello Stretto di Sicilia. Biol. Mar. Medit., 15(1): 326-327.

Gancitano V., Garofalo G., Gristina M., Ragonese S., Rizzo P., Gancitano S., Cusumano S., Ingrande G., Badalucco C., Fiorentino F. (2011). Potential Yield and Current Exploitation of Deep Water Pink Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris), Hake (Merluccius merluccius) and Giant Red Shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) in the Strait of Sicily. In: Brugnoli E., Cavarretta G., Mazzola S., Trincardi F., Ravaioli M., Santoleri R. (eds) Marine research at CNR - Fishery and Sea Rresources. - ISSN 2239-5172 Volume DTA/06-2011, Roma, November 2011, pp. 1-18.

Garofalo G., Fortibuoni T., Gristina M., Sinopoli M., Fiorentino F. (2011). Persistence and co-occurrence of demersal nurseries in the Strait of Sicily (central Mediterranean): Implications for fishery management. J. Sea Res., 66: 29-38.

Garofalo G., Giusto, G. B., Cusumano, S., Ingrande, G., Sinacori, G., Gristina, M., Fiorentino, F. (2007). Sulla cattura per unità di sforzo della pesca a gamberi rossi sui fondi batiali del mediterraneo orientale. Biol. Mar. Medit., 14(2): 250-251.

Gashout S., Haddoud D., Zgozi S. (1992) Distribution–abundance of commercial shrimp in Libyan waters, data from 1970 surveys. Arab Fish. J., Vol. 13.

Gayanilo Jr. F.C., Soriano M., Pauly D. (1988). A draft guide to the COMPLEAT ELEFAN. ICLARM Software Project 2: 65 p. and diskettes

Gayanilo Jr. F.C., Sparre P., Pauly D. (1994). The FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT) User's guide. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries) No. 8 Rome, FAO, 124 p. and 3 diskettes.

Gayanilo Jr. F.C., Sparre P., Pauly D. (2005). Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations – Fisat II (version 1.2.2) Rome, 2005.

George J.P. (1977). Prospection des lieux de pêche de la crevette Penaeus kerathurus et introduction d'une nouvelle technique de pêche pour ce crustacé en Tunisie (1973-1975). Bull. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêches Salammbô, 4 (2-4): 263 - 306.

Gharbi A., Ben Meriem S. (1996). Résultats de chalutages expérimentaux (mai-juin 1996) dans le golfe de Gabès. Bulletin de l’Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, 23: 80-96.

Ghidalia W., Bourgeois F. (1961). Influence de la temperature et de l’eclairement sur la distribution des crevettes des moyennes et grandes profondeurs. Stud. Rev. Gen. Fish. Count. Medit., FAO: 16: 53 pp.

Giacalone V.M., D’anna G., Pipitone C., Badalamenti F. (2006). Movements and residence time of spiny lobsters Palinurus elephas released in a marine protected area: an investigation by ultrasonic telemetry. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 86: 1101-1106.

Gislason H., Daan N., Rice J.C., Pope J.G. (2010). Size, growth, temperature and the natural mortality of marine fish. Fish Fish., 11: 149–158.

Goñi R., Hilborn R., Diaz D., Mallol S., Adlerstein S. (2010). Net contribution of spillover from a marine reserve to fishery catches. Mar. Ecol. Prog. S., 400: 233-243.

Goñi R., Latrouite D. (2005). Review of the biology, ecology and fisheries of Palinurus spp. species of European waters: Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) and Palinurus mauritanicus (Gruvel, 1911). Cah. Biol. Mar., 46(2): 127-142.

Goñi R., Quetglas A., Reñones O. (2001a). Diet of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Decapoda: Palinuridea) from the Columbretes Islands Marine Reserve (north-western Mediterranean). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 81: 347-348.

Goñi R., Quetglas A., Renones O. (2006). Spillover of spiny lobsters Palinurus elephas from a marine reserve to an adjoining fishery. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 306: 207-219.

Goñi R., Quetglas A., Reñones O., Mas, J. (2003c). Threats to the sustainability of Palinurus elephas fisheries. The Lobster Newsletter, 16, 2–5.

Goñi R., Quetglas A., Reñones R. (2003d). Biología, ecología, pesquerías y efecto reserva de la langosta roja, Palinurus elephas Fabricius 1787 de Columbretes y Baleares (Mediterráneo Occidental). Report 03-01, 1-107. 2003. IEO-COB/LANGOSTA.

Goñi R., Quetlas A., Reñones O. (2003a). Size at maturity, fecundity and reproductive potential of a protected population of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) from the Western Mediterranean. Mar. Biol., 143: 583-592.

Goñi R., Quetlas A., Reñones O. (2003b). Differential catchability of male and female European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) in traps and terammelnets. Fish. Res., 65: 295-307.

Goñi R., Reñones O., Quetglas A. (2001b). Dynamics of a protected western mediterranean population of the european spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) assessed by trap survey. Mar. Freshw. Res., 52: 1577–1587.

Goñi, R. (2006). Proyecto langosta. Biología, ecología, pesquerías y efecto reserva de la langosta roja Palinurus elephas (Fabricius 1787) en el Mediterráneo Español. Revista electrónica del IEO 4, 21-26. 2006.

Groffiths R.C., Robles R., Coppola S.R., Camiñas J.A. (2007). Is there a future for artisanal fisheries in the western Mediterranean? FAO, Rome. 106pp.

Gristina M., Fiorentino F., Garofalo G., Ragonese S., Gagliano M. (2002). Gli effetti della protezione sull'aragosta comune (Palinurus elephas Fabricius, 1787) nella riserva marina delle "Isole Egadi". Report Rapporto preliminare, ID/W.PR./MG-FF-GG-SR-MG/2/07/02/DRAFT, 1-23.. Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italy, Instituto di Ricerche sulle Risorse Marine e l'Ambiente - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.

Gristina M., Fiorentino F., Garofalo G., Gagliano M., Morizzo G., Cusumano S. (2005). Effetti della protezione sull'aragosta comune (Palinurus elephas Fabricius, 1787) nella Riserva Marina delle Isole Egadi. Biol. Mar. Medit., 12: 404-409.

Gristina M., Fiorentino F., Garofalo G., Sinopoli M. (2008). L’aragosta comune Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1878), nell’Area Marina Protetta di Capo Gallo – Isola Delle Femmine. Processi di reclutamento ed impatto della pesca. Pesca e gestione delle aree marine protette, workshop Porto Cesareo, 30 - 31 ottobre 2008.

Gristina M., Sinopoli M., Fiorentino F., Garofalo G.,·Badalamenti F. (2011). Shelter selection of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas under different levels of Octopus vulgaris predation threat. Mar. Biol., 158: 1331–1337.

Groeneveld J.C., Goni R., Latrouite D. (2006). "Palinurus species". In Bruce F. Phillips. Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 385–411. ISBN978-1-4051-2657-1.

Guijarro B., Valls M., Massutí E. (2010). SAC GFCM - Sub-Committee on Stock Assessment (SCSA). 27 September 2010.

Guillen J., Maynou F., Floros C., Sampson D., Conides A., Kapiris K. (2012). A bio-economic evaluation of the potential for establishing a commercial fishery on two newly developed stocks: The Ionian red shrimp fishery. Scientia Marina, 76 (3). doi:10.3989/scimar.03434.07I.

Hammond R.D., Naylor E. (1977). Effects of dusk and dawn on locomotor activity rhythms in the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus. Mar. Biol., 39: 253-260.

Hassan H. (1983). Distribution of penaeid larvae in the coastal waters of Pakistan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Karachi, Pakistan. pp. 288.

Heldt H. (1938). La reproduction chez les Crustacés décapodes de la famille des Pénéides. Inst. Océanogr., 18: 1-206.

Heldt H., Heldt J.H. (1954). Les crustacés comestibles des mers tunisiennes et leur pêche. Annales Sta. Océanogr. Salammbô, 9: 3 – 16.

Heldt J. (1955). Contribution a l’etude e la biologie des crevettes peneides Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso) et Aristeus antennatus (Risso). Bull. Soc. Des Sc. Tunisie, VIII (1-2): 1-29.

Heldt J.H. (1932). Sur quelques différences sexuelles (Coloration, Taille, Rostre) chez deux crevettes tunisiennes : Panaeus caramote Risso et Parapenaeus longirostris Lucas. Bull. Sta. Océanogr. Salammbô, (27): 1 - 25.

Heldt J.H. (1938). La reproduction chez les Crustacés Décapodes de la famille des Pénéides. Ann. Inst. Océanogr. Paris, 28: 1 – 206.

Heldt J.H. (1954). Contribution à l’étude de la biologie des Pénéides. Bull. Sta. Océanogr. Salammbô, 47: 5 - 27.

Hepper B.T. (1967). Observation on a crawfish (Palinurus vulgaris Latr.) tagging experiment off Cornwall in 1966. ICES CM. Shelfish and Benthos Committee, 13: 1-4

Hepper B.T. (1970). Observation on the growth of crawfish, Palinurus vulgaris Latr. Off the coast of cornwall. ICES CM. Shelfish and Benthos Committee, 9: 1-10.

Holthuis L.B. (1980). Shrimps and prawns of the world. FAO. Fish. Synop. 125 (1), 271 p.

Holthuis L.B. (1987). Invertébrés marins : Les crevettes. In : Fiches FAO d’identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche. Zone 37. Révision. W. Fisher M.L. Bauchot M. Schneider (eds), FAO. Publ. Vol. 1, Rome, pp : 189-292.

Holthuis L.B. (1991). FAO Species Catalogue, Marine Lobsters of the World – FAO Fisheries Synopsis N° 125, Vol 13. Rome, FAO: 115-122.

Hunter E. (1999). Biology of the european spiny lobster, Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) (Decapoda, Palinuridea). Crustaceana, 72(6): 545-567.

Hunter E., Shackley S.E., Bennett D.B. (1996). Recent studies on the crawfish Palinurus elephas in South Wales and Cornwall. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 76: 963-983.

IMBC, UMBSM, and IRPEM. (1994). Nephrops norvegicus stock variability and assessment in relation to fishing pressure and environmental factors. Final report to EC, contract XIV-1/MED/91/003.

IRMA–CNR (1999). Valutazione delle risorse demersali nello Stretto di Sicilia (Mar Mediterraneo) nell’ambito del piano quadriennale 1996–99: rapporto finale – vol. 1–2. Gruppo Nazionale Valutazione Risorse Demersali (GRUND), Unità Operativa n° 11, IRMA–CNR, Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italy: 97pp.

Jarboui O. (2009). Available information on closed season in the MedSudMed and CopeMed II area Tunisian case study. In: Report of the Sub-regional Working Group on demersal shared stocks in the MedSudMed and CopeMed II area Mazara del Vallo (Italy), 16-17 September 2010. Presented to the 9th MedSudMed Coordination Committee. 24-25 March 2011, Capo Granitola-Mazara del Vallo, Italy.FAO-MedSudMed: CC9/Info06. 46pp.

Jaziri H., Ben Meriem S. (2011) Changement spatio-bathymétrique de la taille de la crevette, Penaeus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) par sexe et localisation en Tunisie. 13 eme Journée des Sciences Marine Tunisie et deuxième rencontre franco-tunisienne d’Ichtyologie 26-29 Novembre 2011. Communication par poster. Mahdia, Tunisia, unpublished.

Jimenez S., Cano R., Bayle J., Sanchez-Lizaso J.L. (1996). Las praderas de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile como zona de proteccion de juveniles de especies de interés comercial. Tomo Extraordinario, 125 Aniversario de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural: 375-378.

Kapiris K. (2012). Feeding Habits of Both Deep-Water Red Shrimps, Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus (Decapoda, Aristeidae) in the Ionian Sea (E. Mediterranean). Food Quality, Kostas

Kapiris (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0560-2, InTech.

Karani I., Kitsos M.S., Chartosia N., Koukouras A. (2005). Diet Composition of the Penaeid Shrimp, Melicertus Kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the Aegean Sea. Crustaceana, 78 (4): 385-396.

Karlovac O. (1965). Contribution à la connaissance de la biologie de la langouste commune (Palinurus elephas Fabr.) Note préliminaire). Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du CIESMM. XVIII: 181-184.

Kirkwood G.P., Aukland R., Zara S.J. (2001). Length Frequency Distribution Analysis (LFDA), version 5.0. MRAG Ltd, London, U.K.

Knittweis L., Dimech M. (2009). Assessment of nursery and spawning areas of commercially important species in GSA 15. Presentation given at the 11th session of the GFCM Sub-Committee on Stock Assessment (SCSA) held on the 30/11/2009 – 03/12/2009 in Malaga, Spain.

Knittweis L., Dimech M. (2011). Malta’s Fisheries Management Plan 2011-2015; Annex VII – Proposed Fishing Protected Area in International Waters; Recommendations based on the spatial distribution of commercially important species in GSA 15.

Knittweis L., Arneri E., Ben Meriem S., Dimech M., Fiorentino F., Gancitano V., Jarboui O., Mbarek K.B., Ceriola L. (2013). Stock status and potential yield of deep water rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris, Lucas 1846) in the south-central Mediterranean Sea. MedSudMed Technical Documents. No. 28. GCP/RER/010/ITA/MSM-TD-28, Rome, 2013: 15 pp.

Kosmas K., Maria T.L. (2012) Reproductive biology of the Melicertus kerathurus (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in Thermaikos Gulf (N. Aegean Sea) : 1-15.

Lamboeuf M., Ben Abdallah A., Zgozi S., Natati A., Mer A., Abdubari A. (1995). Libyan marine resource assessment. Trawl survey results 1993–1994. FI:DP/LIB/88/009 – FI:GCP/LIB/021/IsDB, FAO, Tripoli–Rome. Technical Briefing Notes, 26: 83pp.

Latrouite D., Noel P. (1997). Pêche de la langouste rouge Palinurus elephas en France, éléments pour fixer une taille marchande. ICES CM 1997/BB: 13.

Levi D., Andreoli M.G., Giusto R.M. (1995). First assessment of the rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas 1846), in the central Mediterranean. Fish. Res., 21: 375-393.

Levi D., Vacchi M. (1988). Macroscopic scale for simple and rapid determination of sexual maturity in Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1826) (Decapoda, Penaeidae). J. Crust. Biol,. 8 (4): 532-538.

Ligas A., Abella A., Colloca F. (2011). SAC GFCM - Sub-Committee on Stock Assessment (SCSA). 17 October 2011.

Lipcius R.N., Herrnkind W.F. (1987). Control and coordination of reproduction and molting in the spiny lobster Palinurus argus. Mar. Bio., 96: 207-214.

Lleonart J., Salat J. (1997). VIT: software for fishery analysis. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 11. Rome, FAO: 105pp.

Loo L.O., Baden S.P., Ulmestrand M. (1993). Suspension feeding in adult Nephrops norvegicus (L.) and Homarus gammarus (L.) (Decapoda). Neth. J. Sea Res., 31 (3): 291-297.

Maiorano P., Sion L., Carlucci R., Capezzuto F., Giove A., Costantino G., Panza M., D’Onghia G., Tursi A. (2010). The demersal faunal assemblage of the north-western Ionian Sea (central Mediterranean): current knowledge and perspectives. Chemistry and Ecology, 26 (Suppl.): 219–240.

Marano G., Ungaro N., Marzano M.C., Marsan R. (1998). Le Risorse Demersali dell'Adriatico pugliese: analisi di una serie storica ('85-'95) relativa ai dati di cattura e demografia degli stock. Biol. Mar. Medit., 5 (2): 52-67.

Marcias S., Sacco F., Cau A., Cannas R. (2010). Microsatellite markers for population genetic studies of the giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 39.

Marin J. (1985). Etude de la croissance des Crustaces à partir des données de marquages-recaptures. Application à la langouste rouge de Corse, Palinurus elephas Fabricius. Journal du Conseil International pur l'Exploration de la Mer 26, 1-17.

Marin J. (1985). La lanoguste rouge: biologie et exploitation. Pêche maritime, 64: 105-113.

Marin J. (1987). Exploitation, biologie et dynamique du stock de langouste rouge de Corse, Palinurus elephas, Fabricius 1787. Thesis, University College, Galway. 331 pp.

Matarrese A., D’Onghia G., Tursi A., Maiorano P. (1997). Vulnerabilità e resilienza in Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) e Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1861) (Crostacei, Decapodi) nel Mar Ionio. S. It. E. Atto, 18: 535-538.

Maurin C. (1962). Etude des fonds chalutables de la Méditerranée occidentale (écologie et pêche): Résultats des compagnes des navires océanographiques «Président-Théodore-Tissier» 1957 à 1960 et « Thalassa » 1960 et 1961.26, ISTPM. 218 pp.

Maurin C. (1965). Repartition des erevettes profondes au large des cotes de Sardaigne et de Corse. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Medit., 18 (2): 175-178

Maurin C., Carries C. (1968). Note préliminaire sur l’alimentation des Crevettes profondes. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 19(2): 155-156.

Maynou F., Cartes J.E. (2011). Effects of trawling on fish and invertebrates from deep-sea coral facies of Isidella elongata in the western Mediterranean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association U.K., 92 (7): 1501-1507.

Maynou F., Sardà F. (1997). Nephrops norvegicus population and morphometrical characteristics in relation to substrate heterogeneity. Fish. Res., 30: 139 –149.

McKoy J.L., Esterman D.B. (1981). Growth of rock lobsters (Jasus edwardsii) in the Gisborne region. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 15: 121–136.
MedSudMed (2008). Bibliographic synthesis of information on some target species in the MedSudMed Project area (central Mediterranean). MedSudMed Technical Documents 15, Rome: 69 pp.

Mercer J.P. (1973). Studies on spiny lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae) of the west coast of Ireland, with particular reference to Palinurus elephas Fabricius 1787. Ph.D. Thesis, University College Galway, Ireland, 331 pp.

Minervini R. (1996). Guide des homards, crabes, langoustes, crevettes et autres crustacés décapodes d’Europe. 287 p. Delachaux et Niestlé.

Missaoui H. (2004). The effects of environmental factors on the distribution of crustaceans along the Tunisian coast. MedSudMed Technical Documents 2.

Missaoui H., Zaouali J. (1995). Apparition de nouveaux Crustacés dans les pêches crevettières du golfe de Gabès, Tunisie. Marine Life, 5 (2): 27 - 34.

Morratoupolu Kassimati E. (1973). Distribution and fishing of the lobster Palinurus vulgaris and Homarus vulgaris in Greek seas. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Médit., 22(4): 69-70.

Mosbah S., Ghorbel M., Jarboui O., Lenfant P., Verdoit-Jarraya M. (2012). Application des methodes d’analyses des donnees pour la gestion des ressources naturelles. Statistique Fonctionelle et Operationelle. Recueil des resumes, Annee 2011-2012: 3-9.

Mytilineou C., Castro M., Gancho P., Fourtouni A. (1998) Growth studies on Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the adjacent Atlantic. Sci. Mar., 62 (Supl. 1): 43-60.

Mytilineou C., Castro M., Gancho P., Fourtouni A. (1998). Growth studies on Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.) in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the adjacent Atlantic. Sci. Mar., 62 (1): 43-60.

Nouar A. (1985). Contribution a l’étude de la crevette pénéide Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846), dans la région d’Alger: écologie, biologie, exploitation. PhD thesis, Univ. Houari Boumedienne, 136 pp.

Needle C.L. (2003) Survey-based assessments with SURBA. Working Document to the ICES Working Group on Methods of Fish Stock Assessment, Copenhagen, 29 January to 5 February 2003.

Newman G.G., Pollock D.E. (1974). Growth of the rock lobster Jasus lalandii and its relationship to benthos. Mar. Biol., 52: 347–356.

Orsi Relini L., Relini G. (1985). The red shrimp fishery in the Ligrian Sea: mismanagement or not? FAO Fish. Rep., 336: 99-106.

Orsi Relini L., Relini G. (1989). Reproduction of Nephrops norvegicus L. in isothermal mediterranean waters. In Reproduction, Genetics and Distributions of Marine Organisms. Ed. J.S. Ryland, P.A. Tyler, Pub. Olsen e Olsen, Denmark: 153-160.

Orsi Relini L., Zamboni A., Fiorentino F., Massi D. (1998). Reproductive patterns in Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus (L.), (Crustacea Decapoda Nephropidae) of different Mediterranean areas. Sci. Mar., 62 (1): 25-41.

Palero F., Abelló P., Macpherson E., Matthee C.M., Pascual M. (2011). Genetic Diversity Levels in Fishery-Exploited Spiny Lobsters of the Genus Palinurus (Decapoda: Achelata).

Palero F., Guerao G., Abelló P. (2008). Morphology of the final stagephyllosoma larva of Scyllarus pygmaeus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae), identified by DNA analysis. J. Plank. Res., 30: 483–488.

Palero F., Guerao G., Clark P.F., Abelló P. (2011). Scyllarus arctus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) final stage phyllosoma identified by DNA analysis, with morphological description. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K., 91(2): 485-492.

Palero, F., Abello, P., Macpherson, E., Gristina, M., Pascual, M. (2008). Phylogeography of the European spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas): Influence of current oceanographical features and historical processes. Molec. Phyl. Evol., 48: 708-717.

Papaconstantinou C., Kapiris K. (2003). The biology of giant red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) at an unexploited fishing ground in the Grek Ionian Sea. Fish. Res., 62: 37-51.

Pauly D. (1980). On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. J. Cons. CIEM, 39 (3):175-192.

Pauly, D. (1987) A review of the ELEFAN system for analysis of length-frequency data in fish and aquatic invertebrates. In: D. Pauly and G.R. Morgan (eds.) Length-Based methods in fisheries researches.

Proc. Int. Conference on the theory and application of length-based methods for stock assessment, 11-16 February 1985, Mazara del Vallo, Sicily, Italy, ICLARM Conference Proceedings 13: 7-34.

Pellerito R., Arculeo M., Bonhomme F. (2009) Recent expansion of Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of Melicertus (Penaeus) kerathurus (Crustacea:Decapoda). Fish. Sci.,75:1089–1095. DOI 10.1007/s12562-009-0131-z.

Perdichizzi A., Pirrera L., Micale V., Muglia U., Rinelli P. (2012). A histological study of ovarian development in the giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Aristeidae) from the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean). Scient. World J. doi: 10.1100/2012/289608.

Peres J.M. (1967). The Mediterranean benthos. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 5: 449–533.

Pérez Farfante I., Kensley B. (1997). Penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world. Keys and diagnoses for the families and genera. Mém. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., 175: 1-233.

Pipitone C., Badalamenti F., Cuttitta C., D’Anna G., Gristina M. (1994). Preliminary results on the diet of Aristaeomorpha foliacea in the Sicilian Strait (Central Mediterranean Sea). Proc. Int. Workshop on life cycles and fisheries of red shrimps. N.T.R.-I.T.P.P. Spec. Publ., 3: 47-48.

Politou C.Y., Kapiris K., Maiorano P., Capezzuto F., Dokos J. (2004). Deep-Sea Mediterranean biology, the case of A. foliacea (Risso, 1827) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Aristeidae). Sci. Mar., 68 (3): 117-127.

Pollock D.E. (1979). Predator-prey relationship between the rock lobster Jasus lalandii and the mussel Aulocomya ater at Robben Island on the Cape west coast of Africa. Mar. Biol., 52: 347–356.

Pollock D.E. (1982). The fishery and population dynamics of West Coast rock lobster related to the environment in the Lambert’s Bay and Port Nolloth areas. Investigations of the Sea Fisheries Institute of South Africa, 124: 57 pp.

Pollock D.E. (1991). Spiny lobster at Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: inter-island variations in growth and population structure. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 10: 1–12.

Pollock D.E., De Beyers C.J. (1981). Environment, distribution and growth rates of West Coast rock-lobster Jasus lalandii (H. Milne Edwards). Trans. Royal Soc. S. Afr., 44: 379–400.

Quetglas A., Gaamour A., Reñones O., Missaoui H., Zarrouk T., Elabed A., Goñi R. (2004). Spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas, Fabricius 1787) fisheries in the western Mediterranean: A comparison of Spanish and Tunisian fisheries. Boll. Soc. Hist. Nat. Baleares, 47: 63-80.

Ragonese S. (1995). Geographical distribution of Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Crustacea-Aristeidae) in the Sicilian Channel (Mediterranean Sea). ICES J. Mar. Sci. Symp., 199: 183-188.

Ragonese S., Abella A., Fiorentino F., Spedicato M.T. (2006). Methods for estimating the instantaneous rate of natural mortality (M) in fisheries science with particular reference to the Mediterranean. Biol. Mar. Medit., 13(3): 78-151.

Ragonese S., Andreoli M.G., Bono G., Giusto G.B., Rizzo P., Sinacori G. (2004). Overview of the available biological information on demersal resources of the Strait of Sicily. GCP/RER/010/ITA/MSM-TD-02. MedSudMed Technical Documents 2: 67-74.

Ragonese S., Bertolino F., Bianchini M.L. (1997). Biometric relationships of the red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso 1827), in the Strait of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Sci. Mar., 61(3): 367-377.

Ragonese S., Bianchini M.L. (1995). Size at sexual maturity in red shrimp females Aristaeomorpha foliacea, from the Sicilian Channel (Mediterranean Sea). Crustaceana, 68 (1): 73-82.

Ragonese S., Bianchini M.L. (2006). Trawl selectivity trials on the deep-water rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) in Sicilian waters. Hydrobiologia, 557: 113–119.

Ragonese S., Giusto G.B. (1998). Deep water occurrence of Penaeus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the Strait of Sicily (central Mediterranean Sea). Crustaceana, 71: 353-357.

Ragonese S., Vitale S., Dimech M., De Santi A. (2012). Growth discontinuity in males of the deep-water giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Ecol., 33: 386–392.

Ragonese S., Zagra M., Di Stefano L., Bianchini M.L. (2001). Effect of codend mesh size on the performance of the deep-water bottom trawl used in the red shrimp fishery in the Strait of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Hydrobiologia, 449: 279-291.

Rainer S.F. (1992). Diet of prawns from the continental slope of North-Western Australia. Bull. Mar. Sci., 50(2): 258-274.

Rao P.V. (1972). Seasonal abundance of larvae and post-larvae of the Commercially important penaeid prawns in the inshore Waters of Cochin. Ind. J. Fish., 19 (1-2): 86-96.

Rawag A.A., Haddoud D.A., Zgozi S.W. (2004). Commercial demersal marine species of Libya. GCP/RER/010/ITA/MSM-TD-02. MedSudMed Technical Document, 2: 75-81.

Relini G., Bertrand J., Zamboni A. (eds.) (1999). Synthesis of the knowledge on bottom fishery resources in Central Mediterranean (Italy and Corsica). Biol. Mar. Medit., 6 (1).

Relini M., Torchia G. (1998). Unexpected displacement of a spiny lobster in the Ligurian sea. Biol. Mar. Medit., 5: 641-643.

Rikhter V.A., Efanov V.N. (1976). On one of the approaches to estimation of natural mortality of fish populations. ICNAF Res.Doc., 79/VI/8 : 12pp.

Rjeibi O. (2012). Biologie et dynamique des populations de la langouste rouge Palinurus elephas pêchée sur les côtes tunisiennes. Thèse de doctorat de l’Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie spécialité Halieutique, Tunisie. 281 pp.

Rjeibi O., Gaamour A., Missaoui H. (2010). Kinetics of ooegenesis and spawning strategy of the red spiny lobster Palinurus elephas. J. Crust. Biol., 30: 401-412.

Rjeibi O., Gaamour A., Missaoui H. (2011). Etude de la croissance de la langouste rouge, Palinurus elephas dans les eaux tunisiennes. Bull. Inst. Natn. Scien. Tech. Mer de Salammbô, vol 38.

Rjeibi O., Gaamour A., Rjeibi O., Missaoui H. (2010). Kinetics of ooegenesis and spawning strategy of the red spiny lobster Palinurus elephas. J. Crust. Biol., 30: 401-412.

SAMED (2002). Stock Assessment in the Mediterranean. European Commission, Directorate-General XIV, Project 99/047, Final Report.

Sardà F., Lleonart J., Cartes J.E. (1998). An analysis of the population dynamics of Nephrops norvegicus (L.) in the Mediterranean Sea. SCI. MAR., 62 (Supl. 1): 135-143.

Scordella G., Lumare F. (2001). Stato delle popolazioni di Penaeus kerathurus: valutazione dello sforzo di pesca e della produttivita nelle aree di Termoli (CB), Lesina (FG) e Frigole (LE). In: Proceedings of the Workshop Stato della pesca e dinamica di popolazione del gambero mediterraneo Penaeus kerathurus in alcune aree della costa adriatica, Lecce, 16 Marzo. pp. 20–27.

Secci E., Cuccu D., Follesa M.C., Cau A. (1999). Fishery and tagging of Palinurus elephas in Sardinian seas. In: Von-Vaupel Klein, J.C., Schram F.R. (eds.) Fourth International Crustacean Congress Procedings of the Fourth International Crustacean Congress, Amsterdam. Brill, Leiden, 665-672. Amsterdam. Brill, Leiden., A.A. Balkema/Rotterdam/Brookfield. The Biodiversity Crisis and Crustacea. 20-7-1998.

Secci E., Cuccu D., Follesa M.C., Sabatini A., Cau A. (1999). Restocking of Palinurus elephas (Fabr, 1787) in a Western Central Sardinian area. Biol. Mar. Medit., 6: 614-616.

Serpil Y., Becer Ozvarol Z.A., Ozvarol Y. (2009). Fisheries and Shrimp Economy, Some Biological Properties of the Shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricus, 1798) in the Gulf of Antalya (Turkey). J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 8: 2530-2536.

Sheehy M.R.J. (1990a). Widespread occurrence of fluorescent morphological lipofuscin in the crustacean brain. J. Crust. Biol., 10: 613-622.

Sheehy M.R.J. (1990b). Potential of morphological lipofuscin age-pigment as an index of crustacean age. Mar. Biol. Berlin, 107: 439-442.

Sheehy M.R.J., Cameron E., Marsden G., Mcgrath J. (1995). Age structure of female giant tiger prawns Penaeus monodon as indicated by neuronal lipofuscin concentration. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 117: 59-63.

Sobrino I., Silva C., Sbrana M., Kapiris K. ( 2005). A review of the biology and fisheries of the deep water rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris, in European Atlantic and Mediterranean waters (Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata, Penaeidae). Crustaceana, 78: 1153–1184.

Spedicato M.T., Lembo G., Silecchia T., Carbonara P. (1996). Distribuzione e biologia di Parapenaeus longirostris nel Tirreno centro-meridionale. Biol. Mar. Medit., 3(1): 579-581.

STECF (2013). In: Cardinale M., Charef A., Osio C. (eds.) Assessment of Mediterranean Sea stocks part 1 (STECF-13-22) Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, ISBN 978-92-79-34645-3, doi:10.2788/36268, 400 pp.

STECF 11-14 (2011). Assessment of Mediterranean Sea stocks – part 2. Report of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries. JRC scientific and policy reports, edited by Cardinale M., Raetz J.-J., Charef A., EUR 25053 EN. 611 pp.

STECF 12-19 (2012). Assessment of Mediterranean Sea stocks – part 1. Report of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries. JRC scientific and policy reports, edited by Cardinale M., Osio G.C., Charef A., pending EUR number. 502 pp.

Symonds D.J. (1972). The fishery for the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), off the north-east coast of England. Fishery Investigations, Series II, 27(3): 35pp..

Tabka-Belkhodja S. (2004). Contribution à l’étude écobiologique de la crevette blanche Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius) dans le golfe de Gabès. Mastère. INAT. 68 p.

Taylor C.C. (1959). Temperature and growth. J. Conseil. Explor. Mer., 25 (1): 93-101.

Tidu C., Sardá R., Pinna M., Cannas A., Meloni M.F., Lecca E., Savarino R. (2004). Morphometric relationships of the European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas from the northwestern Sardinia. Fish. Res., 69: 371-379.

Tsagarakis K., Palialexis A., andVassilopoulou V. (2013). Mediterranean fishery discards: reviewof the existing knowledge. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71 (5): 1219-1234. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fst074.

Tuck I.D., Chapman C.J., Atkinson R.J.A. (1997). Population biology of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.) in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland-I: Growth and density. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 54: 125-135.

Turkmen G, Yilmazyerli H. (2006). Some biological aspects of Melicertus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) Inhabiting Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea) Turkey. Crustaceana, 79(5): 583-591.

Turkmen G., Ozden O., Parug S., Akalin S. (2007). Some Reproductive Aspects of Melicertus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) Inhabiting the Gulluk Bay (Aegean Sea) of Turkey. J. App. Biol. Sci., 1(1): 69-74, 2007.

Tursi A., Matarrese A., D’Onghia G., Maiorano P., Mastrotataro F., Balanini M., Panza M. (1999). Parapenaeus longirostris. In: Relini G., Bertrand J.A., Zamboni A. (eds.) Synthesis of knowledge on bottom fishery resources in central Mediterranean (Italy and Corsica). Biol. Mar. Medit., 6(1): 541-553.

Ungaro N., Marano G., Marsan R., Pastorelli A.M. (1999). On the reproduction of Nephrops norvegicus (L.) in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea): sex ratio, maturity length and potential fecundity. Crustacean Issues, 12: 553-561.

Véron G. (1995). Organisation et classification du règne animal. Nathan : 128 pp.

Vila Y., Medina A., Megina C., Ramos F., Sobrino I. (2000). Quantification of the agepigment lipofuscin in brains of known-age, pond-reared prawns Penaeus japonicus (Crustacea, Decapoda). Journ. exp. Zool., 286: 120-130.

Vitale S., Cannizzaro L., Lumare F., Arculeo M., Mazzola S. (2013). Restocking trial of Melicertus kerathurus (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the shallow coastal waters of southwestern Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Rapp. Comm. Int. Mar Medit. 2013.

Vitale S., Cannizzaro L., Bono G., Beltrano A.M., Milazzo A., Norrito G. (2006). Catch composition of Decapoda crustaceans from trawl fishery catches in the Central Mediterranean Sea. J. Coast. Res., Special Issue, 39 (1): 1798-1800.

Vitale S., Cannizzaro L., Lumare L., Mazzola S. (2010). Population parameters of Melicertus kerathurus (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in Southwest Sicilian shallow waters (Mediterranean Sea) using Length-Frequency Analysis. Crustaceana, 83 (8): 997-1007. DOI:10.1163/001121610X510615.

Wadie W.F., Abdel Razek F.A. (1985). The effect of damming on the shrimp population in the south-eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Fish. Res., 3: 323–335.

Wilson D.P. (1949). Notes from the Plymouth aquarium, an apparent example of learning in Palinurus vulgaris Latreille. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K., 28: 347.

Zimmer-Faust R.K., Tyre J.E. Case J.F. (1985). Chemical attraction causing aggregation in the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus (Randall), and its probable ecological significance. Biol. Bull., 169: 106-l 18.

Zitari-Chatti R., Chatti N., Elouaer A., Said K. (2008). Genetic variation and population structure of the camarote prawn Penaeus kerathurus (Forskål) from the eastern and western Mediterranean coasts in Tunisia. Aquac. Res., 39: 70–76.

Zouari M., (1984). Etude descriptive de la pêche à la crevette au filet tramail fil 40.000 dans la région de Gabès. Rapp. Doc. Inst. natn. scient. tech. Océanogr. Pêche Salammbô, 2: 31 - 45.

    ::HOME    ::THE PROJECT    ::ACTIVITIES    ::PUBLICATIONS    ::EVENTS    ::Country Fishery Information   

FAO MEDSUDMED Project  FAO-FIRF Room C351-C353 -Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome -Italy-
::: tel  +39 06 570 54492 ::: fax +39 06 570 55188 -

©FAO-MedSudMed,

© FAO MedSudMed project - Web site. [online]. Rome. Updated. [Cited ].